ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2005
Negro, Black, Black African, African Caribbean, African American or what? Labelling African origin populations in the health arena in the 21st century.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 310 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review reveals that African children of 15-17 years demonstrate low hepatitis B vaccine seroprotection rates.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Global Perspective of the Vitamin D Status of African-Caribbean Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Racial disparities in COVID-19 pandemic cases, hospitalisations, and deaths: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2021Pooled it
- Racial discrimination and alcohol use and negative drinking consequences among Black Americans: a meta-analytical review.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2019Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The influence of early-life conditions on cardiovascular disease later in life among ethnic minority populations: a systematic review.Internal and emergency medicine · 2016Pooled it
- Panethnic Differences in Blood Pressure in Europe: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.PloS one · 2016Pooled it
- Hypertension and overweight/obesity in Ghanaians and Nigerians living in West Africa and industrialized countries: a systematic review.Journal of hypertension · 2014Pooled it
- A systematic review of barriers to early presentation and diagnosis with breast cancer among black women.BMJ open · 2014Pooled it
- Behavior change interventions to improve the health of racial and ethnic minority populations: a tool kit of adaptation approaches.The Milbank quarterly · 2013Pooled it
- Does the pulse pressure in people of European, African and South Asian descent differ? A systematic review and meta-analysis of UK data.Journal of human hypertension · 2007Pooled it
- Black African and Caribbean British Communities' Perceptions of Memory Problems: "We Don't Do Dementia.".PloS one · 2016Trial
- Comparing severe maternal morbidity and neonatal outcomes between Somali and non-Somali black birthing cohorts.AJOG global reports · 2026Article
- Racialized Heteroscedasticity in Neuroimaging Features, Behavior Measures, and Neuroimaging-Based Predictive Models.Research square · 2026Article
- Suicidality, Psychological Inflexibility, and Emotional Resilience Among Black College Students.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- "I Thought I Was Going to Die": Identifying Gaps in the Intimate Partner Violence Service Provision System for Black Women.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2026Article
- Are superficial surgical site infections underrecognized in Black patients? A NSQIP database analysis.Surgical endoscopy · 2026Article
- Article
- Patterns of US citizenship status vs. diet quality among adults of African descent.BMC nutrition · 2025Article
- Medical Mistrust and Willingness to Use Mental Health Services Among a Cohort of Black Adults.Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Broad terms such as Black, African, or Black African are entrenched in scientific writings although there is considerable diversity within African descent populations and such terms may be both offensive and inaccurate. This paper outlines the heterogeneity within African populations, and discusses the strengths and limitations of the term Black and related labels from epidemiological and public health perspectives in Europe and the USA. This paper calls for debate on appropriate terminologies for African descent populations and concludes with the proposals that (1) describing the population under consideration is of paramount importance (2) the word African origin or simply African is an appropriate and necessary prefix for an ethnic label, for example, African Caribbean or African Kenyan or African Surinamese (3) documents should define the ethnic labels (4) the label Black should be phased out except when used in political contexts.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.