ArticleBritish journal of cancer2005
DNA replication licensing and cell cycle kinetics of normal and neoplastic breast.
Article in British journal of cancer, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Targeting DNA replication before it starts: Cdc7 as a therapeutic target in p53-mutant breast cancers.The American journal of pathology · 2010Trial
- RNA Helicase DDX21 Controls CD4Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Interpreting cancer genetics through a two-step "evolutionary cascade hypothesis": bridging neutral and selective perspectives.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- A new insight into the impact of copy number variations on cell cycle deregulation of luminal-type breast cancer.Oncology reviews · 2025Review
- MCM-2 Levels as a Potential Biomarker for Predicting High-Risk Breast Cancer Patients According to TAILORx Classification.Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press) · 2023Article
- β-cell-specific deletion of PFKFB3 restores cell fitness competition and physiological replication under diabetogenic stress.Communications biology · 2022Article
- MCM6 versus Ki-67 in diagnosis of luminal molecular subtypes of breast cancers.Diagnostic pathology · 2022Article
- Prognostic and Clinicopathological Correlations of Cell Cycle Marker Expressions before and after the Primary Systemic Therapy of Breast Cancer.Pathology oncology research : POR · 2020Article
- MCMs in Cancer: Prognostic Potential and Mechanisms.Analytical cellular pathology (Amsterdam) · 2020Review
- Minichromosome Maintenance Complex (MCM) Genes Profiling and MCM2 Protein Expression in Cervical Cancer Development.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2019Article
- MCM2, MCM4, and MCM6 in Breast Cancer: Clinical Utility in Diagnosis and Prognosis.Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) · 2019Article
- Identification of a gene signature for different stages of breast cancer development that could be used for early diagnosis and specific therapy.Oncotarget · 2018Article
- Article
- MCM2: An alternative to Ki-67 for measuring breast cancer cell proliferation.Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc · 2017Article
- Cell Cycle and Cell Size Dependent Gene Expression Reveals Distinct Subpopulations at Single-Cell Level.Frontiers in genetics · 2017Article
- Minichromosome Maintenance Expression Defines Slow-Growing Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.Translational oncology · 2016Article
- Expression of cell cycle markers is predictive of the response to primary systemic therapy of locally advanced breast cancer.Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology · 2016Article
- Immortalised breast epithelia survive prolonged DNA replication stress and return to cycle from a senescent-like state.Cell death & disease · 2014Article
- Minichromosome Maintenance (MCM) Family as potential diagnostic and prognostic tumor markers for human gliomas.BMC cancer · 2014Article
- Over-expression of cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A) in bone marrow cells from patients with a group of high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes.Pathology oncology research : POR · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mcm2-7 (MCM) proteins are part of the origin licensing machinery that regulates initiation of DNA replication. Geminin is a licensing repressor and prevents reinitiation of DNA replication during S-G2-M phase by blocking reloading of Mcm2-7 at replication origins. Here, we have analysed these replication licensing factors (RLFs) to determine whether the pathway becomes deregulated during mammary carcinogenesis, and have assessed their potential value as prognostic markers. Protein expression profiles were generated for Ki67, Mcm2, geminin, HER-2, ER and PR in a series of reduction mammoplasty (n=18) and breast cancer specimens (n=120), and compared to clinicopathological parameters. A large proportion of epithelial cells of the terminal duct lobular unit reside in a primed 'replication licensed' but not proliferating state. This state is characterised by Mcm2 expression and absence of Ki67 and the S/G2/M marker geminin. In breast cancers, increasing tumour grade is associated with increased Ki67, Mcm2 and geminin expression. The Mcm2/Ki67 ratio decreases through the grades, indicating a shift from a predominantly licensed state to an actively proliferating state. This shift is associated with an increase in the geminin/Ki67 ratio, signifying a shortening of G1 phase in breast cancer cells. Ki67, Mcm2 and the Mcm2/Ki67 ratio are statistically significantly associated with the Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI), but geminin and the geminin/Ki67 ratio are not. Ki67, Mcm2 and Mcm2/Ki67 are highly correlated with one another, with Mcm2 being the single most important predictor of NPI score (P<0.001). However, only 12% of variation in NPI is explained by Mcm2, as the labelling index for this marker is approaching 100% for many of the high-grade tumours. The origin licensing phenotypes of normal breast and breast cancers therefore relate to their cellular differentiation status, and high-level MCM expression in more poorly differentiated tumours severely constrains their use as prognostic markers in breast cancer.
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