ArticlePLoS pathogens2005
Anthrax lethal toxin-mediated killing of human and murine dendritic cells impairs the adaptive immune response.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protein Kinase R in Bacterial Infections: Friend or Foe?Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Article
- Current Status and Trends in Prophylaxis and Management of Anthrax Disease.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Advances in structure determination by cryo-EM to unravel membrane-spanning pore formation.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2018Review
- Bacillus anthracis spore movement does not require a carrier cell and is not affected by lethal toxin in human lung models.Microbes and infection · 2016Article
- Bacterial Toxins as Pathogen Weapons Against Phagocytes.Frontiers in microbiology · 2016Review
- Article
- Caspase-1 autoproteolysis is differentially required for NLRP1b and NLRP3 inflammasome function.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2014Article
- The IL-23/Th17 axis is involved in the adaptive immune response to Bacillus anthracis in humans.European journal of immunology · 2014Article
- Article
- Cathepsin-mediated necrosis controls the adaptive immune response by Th2 (T helper type 2)-associated adjuvants.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2013Article
- Cellular and physiological effects of anthrax exotoxin and its relevance to disease.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2012Review
- Lethality in a murine model of pulmonary anthrax is reduced by combining nuclear transport modifier with antimicrobial therapy.PloS one · 2012Article
- Sublethal doses of anthrax lethal toxin on the suppression of macrophage phagocytosis.PloS one · 2010Article
- Testing nucleoside analogues as inhibitors of Bacillus anthracis spore germination in vitro and in macrophage cell culture.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2010Article
- Proteasome inhibitors prevent caspase-1-mediated disease in rodents challenged with anthrax lethal toxin.The American journal of pathology · 2010Article
- Review
- Emergence of anthrax edema toxin as a master manipulator of macrophage and B cell functions.Toxins · 2010Review
- IL-10 administration reduces PGE-2 levels and promotes CR3-mediated clearance of Escherichia coli K1 by phagocytes in meningitis.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2010Article
- Anthrax lethal toxin impairs CD1d-mediated antigen presentation by targeting the extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.Infection and immunity · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Many pathogens have acquired strategies to combat the immune response. Bacillus anthracis interferes with host defenses by releasing anthrax lethal toxin (LT), which inactivates mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, rendering dendritic cells (DCs) and T lymphocytes nonresponsive to immune stimulation. However, these cell types are considered resistant to killing by LT. Here we show that LT kills primary human DCs in vitro, and murine DCs in vitro and in vivo. Kinetics of LT-mediated killing of murine DCs, as well as cell death pathways induced, were dependent upon genetic background: LT triggered rapid necrosis in BALB/c-derived DCs, and slow apoptosis in C57BL/6-derived DCs. This is consistent with rapid and slow killing of LT-injected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, respectively. We present evidence that anthrax LT impairs adaptive immunity by specifically targeting DCs. This may represent an immune-evasion strategy of the bacterium, and contribute to anthrax disease progression. We also established that genetic background determines whether apoptosis or necrosis is induced by LT. Finally, killing of C57BL/6-derived DCs by LT mirrors that of human DCs, suggesting that C57BL/6 DCs represent a better model system for human anthrax than the prototypical BALB/c macrophages.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.