ArticleJournal of virology2005
The Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist, imiquimod, and the TLR9 agonist, CpG ODN, induce antiviral cytokines and chemokines but do not prevent vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus when applied intravaginally to rhesus macaques.
Article in Journal of virology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 76 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 127 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phase I randomised clinical trial of an HIV-1(CN54), clade C, trimeric envelope vaccine candidate delivered vaginally.PloS one · 2011Trial
- Article
- Targeting innate immune sensors for therapeutic strategies in infectious diseases.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Review
- Immune Camouflage inClinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Rapid systemic spread and minimal immune responses following SIVsab intrarectal transmission in African green monkeys.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Systemic Administration of Cowpea Mosaic Virus Demonstrates Broad Protection Against Metastatic Cancers.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Impact of ROS-Dependent Lipid Metabolism on Psoriasis Pathophysiology.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Nanocarriers for effective delivery: modulation of innate immunity for the management of infections and the associated complications.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2022Review
- Theranostic Small-Molecule Prodrug Conjugates for Targeted Delivery and Controlled Release of Toll-like Receptor 7 Agonists.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Chemotherapy vs. Immunotherapy in combating nCOVID19: An update.Human immunology · 2021Review
- Review
- Sex Differences in Primary HIV Infection: Revisiting the Role of TLR7-Driven Type 1 IFN Production by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Women.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Targeting Macrophages as a Therapeutic Option in Coronavirus Disease 2019.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2020Article
- Activation of Toll-Like Receptors Differentially Modulates Inflammation in the Human Reproductive Tract: Preliminary Findings.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Pharmacological modulation of nucleic acid sensors - therapeutic potential and persisting obstacles.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2019Review
- Toll-Like Receptors and Relevant Emerging Therapeutics with Reference to Delivery Methods.Pharmaceutics · 2019Review
- Recent clinical trends in Toll-like receptor targeting therapeutics.Medicinal research reviews · 2019Review
- Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Recognition of Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles (NANPs) in Human Primary Blood Cells.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Early Treatment with Imiquimod 5% Cream of Periungual Warts in Vietnam: The Poorer, the Better.Open access Macedonian journal of medical sciences · 2019Article
- Mucosal Vaccine Approaches for Prevention of HIV and SIV Transmission.Current immunology reviews · 2019Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The initial host response to viral infection occurs after Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on dendritic cells (DC) are stimulated by viral nucleic acids (double-stranded RNA, single-stranded RNA) and alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) and IFN-beta are produced. We hypothesized that pharmacologic induction of innate antiviral responses in the cervicovaginal mucosa by topical application of TLR agonists prior to viral exposure could prevent or blunt vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). To test this hypothesis, we treated rhesus monkeys intravaginally with either the TLR9 agonist, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), or the TLR7 agonist, imiquimod. Both immune modifiers rapidly induced IFN-alpha and other antiviral effector molecules in the cervicovaginal mucosa of treated animals. However, both CpG ODN and imiquimod also induced proinflammatory cytokine expression in the cervicovaginal mucosa. In the vaginal mucosa of imiquimod-treated monkeys, we documented a massive mononuclear cell infiltrate consisting of activated CD4(+) T cells, DC, and beta-chemokine-secreting cells. After vaginal SIV inoculation, all TLR agonist-treated animals became infected and had plasma vRNA levels that were higher than those of control monkeys. We conclude that induction of mucosal innate immunity including an IFN-alpha response is not sufficient to prevent sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.