ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2005
Immunization without needles.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 119 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
119 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immunogenicity and safety evaluation of bivalent types 1 and 3 oral poliovirus vaccine by comparing different poliomyelitis vaccination schedules in China: A randomized controlled non-inferiority clinical trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2017Trial
- Enhanced Transdermal Immunization via Solid-in-Oil Nanodispersions Incorporating Dendritic Cell-Targeting Peptide.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Advancing Needle-Free Jet Injectors for Global Vaccine Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Comparative Safety and Efficacy of Commercial Porcine Vaccines AgainstAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Evidence of the Utility of Needle-Free Injectable Devices for Subcutaneous Administration of Biopharmaceuticals: Comparable Study of in vivo Pharmacological and Vaccination Ability to Normal Injection.Medical devices (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Micro-needle jet injection technology for tunable drug dispersion at delivery.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Probiotic-based oral vaccine mucosal delivery system enabling genetically encoded dual-antigen arrays.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Novel Strategies for Developing Next-Generation Vaccines to Combat Infectious Viral Diseases.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Article
- In search of a pan-coronavirus vaccine: next-generation vaccine design and immune mechanisms.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2024Review
- Microneedle-Mediated Immunization Promotes Lung CD8+ T-Cell Immunity.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2023Article
- Review
- Cleanroom-Free Fabrication of Microneedles for Multimodal Drug Delivery.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2023Article
- Hepatitis B vaccine delivered by microneedle patch: Immunogenicity in mice and rhesus macaques.Vaccine · 2023Article
- Engineered tumor cell-derived vaccines against cancer: The art of combating poison with poison.Bioactive materials · 2023Review
- Angiotensin II Blood Serum Levels in Piglets, after Intra-Dermal or Intra-Muscular Vaccination against PRRSV.Veterinary sciences · 2022Article
- Fabrication of a PVA-Based Hydrogel Microneedle Patch.ACS omega · 2022Article
- Intranasal vaccination with lipid-conjugated immunogens promotes antigen transmucosal uptake to drive mucosal and systemic immunity.Science translational medicine · 2022Article
- Advanced Biomaterials for Cell-Specific Modulation and Restore of Cancer Immunotherapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2022Review
- Alpha-D-glucan-based vaccine adjuvants: Current status and future perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
59 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Most current immunization procedures make use of needles and syringes for vaccine administration. With the increase in the number of immunizations that children around the world routinely receive, health organizations are beginning to look for safer alternatives that reduce the risk of cross-contamination that arises from needle reuse. This article focuses on contemporary developments in needle-free methods of immunization, such as liquid-jet injectors, topical application to the skin, oral pills and nasal sprays.
Indexed as
Identifiers
16239901What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.