ArticleClinical and experimental immunology2005
Strikingly higher interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta and soluble interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1RA) but similar IL-2, sIL-2R, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, sIL-6R, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and interferon IFN-gamma urine levels in healthy females compared to healthy males: protection against urinary tract injury?
Article in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Targeting interleukin-1 signaling for renoprotection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Chronic Treatment With the ACE Inhibitor Enalapril Attenuates the Development of Frailty and Differentially Modifies Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Aging Male and Female C57BL/6 Mice.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2019Article
- Sex differences in the association between stressor-evoked interleukin-6 reactivity and C-reactive protein.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2016Article
- Unique cytokine signature in the plasma of patients with fibromyalgia.Journal of immunology research · 2014Article
- Urinary chemokines as noninvasive predictors of ulcerative interstitial cystitis.The Journal of urology · 2012Article
- To assess, to control, to exclude: effects of biobehavioral factors on circulating inflammatory markers.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2009Article
- Gender-based reciprocal expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 and the inducible nitric oxide synthase in a rat model of cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis.Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2009Article
- Article
- Urinary tract infection in women: new pathogenic considerations.Current infectious disease reports · 2006Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim of this prospective study was to examine gender-related differences of cytokines in the plasma and urine of healthy individuals that might provide a clue concerning the lower rate of chronic renal diseases in females. Soluble interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1RA), interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, sIL-2R, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, sIL-6R, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(2) and interferon (IFN)-gamma were determined using standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cytokine levels were determined in simultaneously obtained plasma and urine samples of 18 male and 28 female healthy members of our laboratory staff. Urine cytokine levels were studied three times at 1-month intervals. All individuals had a negative urine nitrite test and showed no symptoms of urinary tract infection (UTI). Plasma levels of all studied cytokines were similar in males and females (P = n.s.). However, females had significantly higher urine IL-1alpha (P < 0.0001; P < 0.0001; P < 0.0001) and sIL-1RA (P = 0.0001; P = 0.0003; P = 0.0002) than males at three and higher IL-1beta at one of the three investigations (P = 0.098; P = 0.003; P = 0.073). Urine levels of the other cytokines were similar in males and females. Higher urine levels of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and sIL-1RA in females may result from stimulation of cells in the urinary tract. Increased sIL-1RA might block T lymphocyte activation. The elevated cytokines may play a role in the protection of the female urinary tract from certain renal diseases, such as pyelonephritis and other inflammatory and sclerotic kidney diseases.
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