ArticleDiabetologia2005
Proinsulin levels and the proinsulin:c-peptide ratio complement autoantibody measurement for predicting type 1 diabetes.
Article in Diabetologia, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of screening programmes for type 1 diabetes in youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026Pooled it
- Established and emerging biomarkers for the prediction of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review.Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine · 2014Pooled it
- Effect of fenofibrate on residual beta cell function in adults and adolescents with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial.Diabetologia · 2025Trial
- Elevations in the Fasting Serum Proinsulin-to-C-Peptide Ratio Precede the Onset of Type 1 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2016Trial
- Sustained function of alginate-encapsulated human islet cell implants in the peritoneal cavity of mice leading to a pilot study in a type 1 diabetic patient.Diabetologia · 2013Trial
- Biomarkers of partial remission in paediatric type 1 diabetes: β-cell stress, immune-metabolic remodelling, and translational priorities-a narrative review.Translational pediatrics · 2026Review
- Sensing and Communicating β-Cell Stress in the Context of T1D Etiology: New Opportunities for Therapeutic Impact.Comprehensive Physiology · 2026Review
- Continuous glucose monitoring as a tool in early-stage type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Review
- Proinsulin regulators identified with CRISPR screen and in vivo mouse QTL mapping.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Persisting plasma proinsulin levels in a cohort of 482 individuals with long-standing type 1 diabetes mellitus.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Article
- An Antibody Cocktail-Based Immunoaffinity-LC-MS Method Enabled Ultra-Sensitive and Robust Quantification of Circulating Proinsulin Proteoforms and C-Peptide.Analytical chemistry · 2025Article
- Type 1 diabetes risk factors, risk prediction and presymptomatic detection: Evidence and guidance for screening.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Review
- Biomarkers, Proteoforms, and Mass Spectrometry-Based Assays for Diabetes Clinical Research.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Review
- Quantitative analysis of islet prohormone convertase 1/3 expression in human pancreas donors with diabetes.Diabetologia · 2024Article
- FK506-Binding Protein 2 Participates in Proinsulin Folding.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- C-peptide determination in the diagnosis of type of diabetes and its management: A clinical perspective.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2022Review
- The β Cell in Diabetes: Integrating Biomarkers With Functional Measures.Endocrine reviews · 2021Review
- The Impact of Different Insulin-Related Measures on the Risk of Prediabetes Among the Chinese Han Population.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2021Article
- Review
- A comparison of glycemic parameters and their relationship with C-peptide and Proinsulin levels during partial remission and non-remission periods in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus - a cross-sectional study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aims/hypothesisWe investigated whether random proinsulin levels and proinsulin:C-peptide ratio (PI:C) complement immune and genetic markers for identifying relatives at high risk of type 1 diabetes. MATERIALS AND
methodsDuring an initial sampling, random glycaemia, proinsulin, PI:C and HLA DQ genotype were determined in 561 non-diabetic first-degree relatives who had been positive for islet autoantibodies on one or more occasions and in 561 age- and sex-matched persistently antibody-negative relatives.
resultsDuring follow-up (median 62 months), 46 relatives with antibodies at entry developed type 1 diabetes. At baseline, antibody-positive relatives (n=338) had higher PI:C values (p<0.001) than antibody-negative subjects with (n=223) or subjects without (n=561) later seroconversion. Proinsulin and PI:C were graded according to risk of diabetes as expressed by positivity for (multiple) antibodies or IA-2 antibodies, especially in persons carrying the high-risk HLA DQ2/DQ8 genotype and in prediabetic relatives. In the presence of multiple or IA-2 antibodies, a PI:C ratio exceeding percentile 66 of all antibody-negative relatives at entry (n=784) conferred a 5-year diabetes risk of 50% and 68%, respectively (p<0.001 vs 13% for same antibody status with PI:C<percentile 66). Cox regression analysis confirmed random PI:C as an independent predictor of the risk of diabetes (p< or =0.001). CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationRandom proinsulin and PI:C represent dynamic markers of the state of beta cell function that complement immune markers in identifying relatives who are at homogeneously high risk of contracting type 1 diabetes and are therefore eligible for secondary prevention trials.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.