Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2005
Relation between dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome in women.
Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01213342 (Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Dry Eye), which is not on this map. Cited by 89 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Dry Eye
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 312 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effects of different forms of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on dry eye disease resulting from various etiologies: a meta-analysis and systematic review.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Pooled it
- Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids for dry eye disease.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Systemic treatment for blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Omega-3 essential fatty acids therapy for dry eye syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2014Pooled it
- Omega-3 fatty acids supplements for dry eye - Are they effective or ineffective?Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2023Trial
- Effects of the re-esterified triglyceride (rTG) form of omega-3 supplements on dry eye following cataract surgery.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2021Trial
- The Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) extension study - A randomized clinical trial of withdrawal of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid in patients with dry eye disease.The ocular surface · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Patients undergoing long-term treatment with antihypertensive eye drops responded positively with respect to their ocular surface disorder to oral supplementation with antioxidants and essential fatty acids.Clinical interventions in aging · 2013Trial
- Dietary ω-3 fatty acid and fish intake and incident age-related macular degeneration in women.Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) · 2011Trial
- Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the Physicians' Health Studies.Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) · 2009Trial
- The role of omega-3 dietary supplementation in blepharitis and meibomian gland dysfunction (an AOS thesis).Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society · 2008Trial
- Impact of dry eye syndrome on vision-related quality of life.American journal of ophthalmology · 2007Trial
- Potential ocular health benefit of short-term omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on the ocular tear film: An observational study.Medicine · 2025Observational
- Pregnancy and Dry Eye Syndrome: A Review for Clinical Practice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Combined dietary omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids protect against hyperglycemia-associated retinopathy in neonatal mice.Pharmacological research · 2025Article
- Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Ocular Dryness Severity in Sjögren's Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Observational
- Lipid Metabolism: An Emerging Player in Sjögren's Syndrome.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDry eye syndrome (DES) is a prevalent condition, but information on risk or protective factors is lacking.
objectiveWe aimed to determine the association between the dietary intake and ratio of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (FAs) and DES occurrence.
designOf the 39876 female health professionals in the Women's Health Study (WHS), 32470 women aged 45-84 y who provided information on diet and DES were cross-sectionally studied. We assessed FA intakes by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire and assessed DES by using self-reports of clinically diagnosed cases. Of the sample, 1546 (4.7%) subjects reported DES. We used logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs to describe the relation of FA intake with DES.
resultsAfter adjustment for demographic factors, hormone therapy, and total fat intake, the OR for the highest versus the lowest quintile of n-3 FAs was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.70, 0.98; P for trend = 0.05). A higher ratio of n-6 to n-3 FA consumption was associated with a significantly increased risk of DES (OR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.13, 5.58) for >15:1 versus <4:1 (P for trend = 0.01). In addition, tuna consumption [1 serving was 113 g (4 oz)] was inversely associated with DES (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.99 for 2-4 servings/wk; OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.79 for 5-6 servings/wk versus < or =1 serving/wk; P for trend = 0.005).
conclusionsThese results suggest that a higher dietary intake of n-3 FAs is associated with a decreased incidence of DES in women. These findings are consistent with anecdotal clinical observations and postulated biological mechanisms.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.