ArticleLancet (London, England)2005
Incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern.
Article in Lancet (London, England), 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 302 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
302 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2014Pooled it
- Baloxavir Marboxil Single-dose Treatment in Influenza-infected Children: A Randomized, Double-blind, Active Controlled Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Trial (miniSTONE-2).The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2020Trial
- Randomized, controlled trial of high-dose influenza vaccine among frail residents of long-term care facilities.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2015Trial
- Trial
- Findings from a household randomized controlled trial of hand washing and face masks to reduce influenza transmission in Bangkok, Thailand.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2011Trial
- Detection and characterization of antiviral-resistant viruses during the influenza season of 2024-25.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- c-Fos enhances influenza virus replication by stabilizing the M2 protein and promoting autophagosome accumulation.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Antiviral Resistance in Influenza: Clinical and Public Health Implications.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Review
- A nanobody-based proteolysis-targeting chimera offers broad-spectrum protection against diverse influenza virus infections.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Adamantane-based inhibitors of the influenza A M2 proton channel: structure-based design, biological evaluation, and synthetic approaches.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Antiviral activity and chemical characterization of Egyptian Ziziphus spina-christi against human respiratory viruses.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Baloxavir outperforms oseltamivir, favipiravir, and amantadine in treating lethal influenza A(H5N1) HA clade 2.3.4.4b infection in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Targeting the 5-HT7 receptor to block influenza virus entry: mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential of SB269970 HCl.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- BIK polymorphism and proteasome regulation unveil host risk factor for severe influenza.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Data-driven discovery of chemical signatures for developing new inhibitors against human influenza viruses.BMC chemistry · 2025Article
- Molecular biophysics and inhibition mechanism of influenza virus A M2 viroporin by adamantane-based drugs - Challenges in designing antiviral agents.Journal of structural biology: X · 2025Article
- Revolutionizing Influenza Treatment: A Deep Dive into Targeted Drug Delivery Systems.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2025Review
- Progress of Influenza Viruses and Inhibitors.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- A comparison of national seasonal influenza treatment guidelines across the Asia Pacific region.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- The Development History, Structural Composition, and Functions of Influenza Viruses and the Progress of Influenza Virus Inhibitors in Clinics and Clinical Trials.Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
242 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAdamantanes have been used to treat influenza A virus infections for many years. Studies have shown a low incidence of resistance to these drugs among circulating influenza viruses; however, their use is rising worldwide and drug resistance has been reported among influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from poultry and human beings in Asia. We sought to assess adamantane resistance among influenza A viruses isolated during the past decade from countries participating in WHO's global influenza surveillance network.
methodsWe analysed data for influenza field isolates that were obtained worldwide and submitted to the WHO Collaborating Center for Influenza at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention between Oct 1, 1994, and Mar 31, 2005. We used pyrosequencing, confirmatory sequence analysis, and phenotypic testing to detect drug resistance among circulating influenza A H3N2 (n=6524), H1N1 (n=589), and H1N2 (n=83) viruses.
findingsMore than 7000 influenza A field isolates were screened for specific aminoacid substitutions in the M2 gene known to confer drug resistance. During the decade of surveillance a significant increase in drug resistance was noted, from 0.4% in 1994-1995 to 12.3% in 2003-2004. This increase in the proportion of resistant viruses was weighted heavily by those obtained from Asia with 61% of resistant viruses isolated since 2003 being from people in Asia.
interpretationOur data raise concerns about the appropriate use of adamantanes and draw attention to the importance of tracking the emergence and spread of drug-resistant influenza A viruses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
16198766What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.