SynthesisLancet (London, England)2005
Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Lancet (London, England), 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT05691790 (Empowering Older People's Preventive Care Utilization Through Mental Model Approach and Patient Activation Approach), which is not on this map. Cited by 208 papers, 14 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Empowering Older People's Preventive Care Utilization Through Mental Model Approach and Patient Activation Approach: a Randomized Control Trial for Promoting Vaccination Uptake
Who cites it
208 citing papers in PubMed, 14 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 602 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review of influenza vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza among older adults living in aged care facilities.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- Factors influencing seasonal influenza vaccination behaviour among elderly people: a systematic review.Public health · 2018Pooled it
- Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- The influence of prebiotic or probiotic supplementation on antibody titers after influenza vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Drug design, development and therapy · 2018Pooled it
- A systematic review of economic evaluations of seasonal influenza vaccination for the elderly population in the European Union.BMJ open · 2017Pooled it
- Comparison of dual influenza and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination with influenza vaccination alone for preventing pneumonia and reducing mortality among the elderly: A meta-analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2016Pooled it
- Influenza outbreak control practices and the effectiveness of interventions in long-term care facilities: a systematic review.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2014Pooled it
- Quantitative review of antibody response to inactivated seasonal influenza vaccines.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2012Pooled it
- Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2011Pooled it
- Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses: systematic review.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2009Pooled it
- Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in adults: a meta-analysis.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2009Pooled it
- Community-acquired pneumonia.BMJ clinical evidence · 2008Pooled it
- Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses: systematic review.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2008Pooled it
- Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2007Guideline
- The Efficacy and Safety of Canagliflozin by Frailty Status in Participants of the CANVAS and CREDENCE Trials.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Trial
- Recombinant Zoster Vaccine Is Efficacious and Safe in Frail Individuals.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2021Trial
- Immunogenicity of AS03-adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in elderly adults: A Phase 3, randomized trial and post-hoc correlate of protection analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2016Trial
- Double dose vs. standard dose influenza vaccination in patients with heart failure: a pilot study.European journal of heart failure · 2013Trial
- Trial
- Effect of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in elderly persons in years of low influenza activity.Virology journal · 2008Trial
148 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInfluenza vaccination of elderly individuals is recommended worldwide. Our aim was to review the evidence of efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in individuals aged 65 years or older.
methodsWe searched five electronic databases to December, 2004, in any language, for randomised (n=5), cohort (n=49), and case-control (n=10) studies, assessing efficacy against influenza (reduction in laboratory-confirmed cases) or effectiveness against influenza-like illness (reduction in symptomatic cases). We expressed vaccine efficacy or effectiveness as a proportion, using the formula VE=1-relative risk (RR) or VE*=1-odds ratio (OR). We analysed the following outcomes: influenza, influenza-like illness, hospital admissions, complications, and deaths.
findingsIn homes for elderly individuals (with good vaccine match and high viral circulation) the effectiveness of vaccines against influenza-like illness was 23% (95% CI 6-36) and non-significant against influenza (RR 1.04, 0.43-2.51). Well matched vaccines prevented pneumonia (VE 46%, 30-58) and hospital admission (VE 45%, 16-64) for and deaths from influenza or pneumonia (VE 42%, 17-59), and reduced all-cause mortality (VE 60%, 23-79). In elderly individuals living in the community, vaccines were not significantly effective against influenza (RR 0.19, 0.02-2.01), influenza-like illness (RR 1.05, 0.58-1.89), or pneumonia (RR 0.88, 0.64-1.20). Well matched vaccines prevented hospital admission for influenza and pneumonia (VE 26%, 12-38) and all-cause mortality (VE 42%, 24-55). After adjustment for confounders, vaccine performance was improved for admissions to hospital for influenza or pneumonia (VE* 27%, 21-33), respiratory diseases (VE* 22%, 15-28), and cardiac disease (VE* 24%, 18-30), and for all-cause mortality (VE* 47%, 39-54).
interpretationIn long-term care facilities, where vaccination is most effective against complications, the aims of the vaccination campaign are fulfilled, at least in part. However, according to reliable evidence the usefulness of vaccines in the community is modest.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.