ArticleTobacco control2005
Health consequences of smoking 1-4 cigarettes per day.
Article in Tobacco control, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 181 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
181 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 486 citations in OpenAlex.
- A cohort study on the association of MDM2 SNP309 with lung cancer risk in Bangladeshi population.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer in women and men: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2018Pooled it
- E-cigarette adverts and children's perceptions of tobacco smoking harms: an experimental study and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2018Pooled it
- Low cigarette consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: meta-analysis of 141 cohort studies in 55 study reports.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2018Pooled it
- Light and intermittent cigarette smokers: a review (1989-2009).Psychopharmacology · 2009Pooled it
- Biomarkers of Nicotine and Tobacco Carcinogen Exposure in Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Black Adults Receiving a Brief Smoking Reduction Intervention.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Trial
- Combined treatment for at-risk drinking and smoking cessation among Puerto Ricans: A randomized clinical trial.Addictive behaviors · 2017Trial
- A comparative evaluation of self-report and biological measures of cigarette use in nondaily smokers.Psychological assessment · 2016Trial
- Outcomes of a Tailored Intervention for Cigarette Smoking Cessation Among Latinos Living With HIV/AIDS.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2015Trial
- Smoking-cessation e-referrals: a national dental practice-based research network randomized controlled trial.American journal of preventive medicine · 2014Trial
- Will mothers of sick children help their husbands to stop smoking after receiving a brief intervention from nurses? Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial.BMC pediatrics · 2013Trial
- Internet-based photoaging within Australian pharmacies to promote smoking cessation: randomized controlled trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2013Trial
- Predictors of cessation in African American light smokers enrolled in a bupropion clinical trial.Addictive behaviors · 2013Trial
- Specificity of effects of cognitive behavior therapy on coping, acceptance, and distress tolerance in a randomized controlled trial for smoking cessation.Journal of clinical psychology · 2012Trial
- Depression vulnerability moderates the effects of cognitive behavior therapy in a randomized controlled trial for smoking cessation.Behavior therapy · 2010Trial
- Differences between intermittent and light daily smokers in a population of U.S. military recruits.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2010Trial
- Tobacco chippers show robust increases in smoking urge after alcohol consumption.Psychopharmacology · 2007Trial
- Smoking Cessation Treatment for Parents Who Are Light or Very Light Smokers in the Pediatric Setting.Academic pediatricsTrial
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121 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo determine the risk in men and women smoking 1-4 cigarettes per day of dying from specified smoking related diseases and from any cause.
designProspective study.
settingOslo city and three counties in Norway.
participants23,521 men and 19,201 women, aged 35-49 years, screened for cardiovascular disease risk factors in the mid 1970s and followed throughout 2002. OUTCOMES: Absolute mortality and relative risks adjusted for confounding variables, of dying from ischaemic heart disease, all cancer, lung cancer, and from all causes.
resultsAdjusted relative risk (95% confidence interval) in smokers of 1-4 cigarettes per day, with never smokers as reference, of dying from ischaemic heart disease was 2.74 (2.07 to 3.61) in men and 2.94 (1.75 to 4.95) in women. The corresponding figures for all cancer were 1.08 (0.78 to 1.49) and 1.14 (0.84 to 1.55), for lung cancer 2.79 (0.94 to 8.28) and 5.03 (1.81 to 13.98), and for any cause 1.57 (1.33 to 1.85) and 1.47 (1.19 to 1.82).
conclusionsIn both sexes, smoking 1-4 cigarettes per day was associated with a significantly higher risk of dying from ischaemic heart disease and from all causes, and from lung cancer in women. Smoking control policymakers and health educators should emphasise more strongly that light smokers also endanger their health.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.