ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2005
Microtubule movements on the arms of mitotic chromosomes: polar ejection forces quantified in vitro.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Novel KIF22 Variants Disrupt Mitosis in Human Chondrocytes and Expand SEMDJL2 Mechanisms.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Branching, crosslinking, and decentralization of microtubules accelerates intracellular assembly.Biophysical journal · 2025Article
- Measuring molecular forces inside living cells using magnetic tweezers.Biophysical reviews · 2025Review
- The mitotic chromosome periphery modulates chromosome mechanics.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Force generation and resistance in human mitosis.Biophysical reviews · 2024Review
- CKAP5 stabilizes CENP-E at kinetochores by regulating microtubule-chromosome attachments.EMBO reports · 2024Article
- Mechanisms underlying spindle assembly and robustness.Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology · 2023Review
- Interrelated effects of chromosome size, mechanics, number, location-orientation and polar ejection force on the spindle accuracy: a 3D computational study.Molecular biology of the cell · 2023Article
- The importance of microtubule-dependent tension in accurate chromosome segregation.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
- Article
- Pathogenic mutations in the chromokinesin KIF22 disrupt anaphase chromosome segregation.eLife · 2022Article
- CellDynaMo-stochastic reaction-diffusion-dynamics model: Application to search-and-capture process of mitotic spindle assembly.PLoS computational biology · 2022Article
- Polar Chromosomes-Challenges of a Risky Path.Cells · 2022Review
- Quantifying Changes in Chromosome Position to Assess Chromokinesin Activity.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Article
- Article
- Microtubule poleward flux in human cells is driven by the coordinated action of four kinesins.The EMBO journal · 2020Article
- Mechanisms driving acentric chromosome transmission.Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology · 2020Review
- Mechanics of Multicentrosomal Clustering in Bipolar Mitotic Spindles.Biophysical journal · 2020Article
- Induction of a Spindle-Assembly-Competent M Phase in Xenopus Egg Extracts.Current biology : CB · 2019Article
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2 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
During mitosis, "polar ejection forces" (PEFs) are hypothesized to direct prometaphase chromosome movements by pushing chromosome arms toward the spindle equator. PEFs are postulated to be caused by (i) plus-end-directed microtubule (MT)-based motor proteins on the chromosome arms, namely chromokinesins, and (ii) the polymerization of spindle MTs into the chromosome. However, the exact role of PEFs is unclear, because little is known about their magnitude or their forms (e.g., impulsive vs. sustained, etc.). In this study, we employ optical tweezers to bring about the lateral interaction between chromosome arms and MTs in vitro to directly measure the speed and force of the PEFs developed on chromosome arms. We find that forces are unidirectional and frequently exceed 1 pN, with maximum forces of 2-3 pN and peak velocities of 63 +/- 41 nm/s; the movements are ATP-dependent and exhibit a characteristic noncontinuous motion that includes displacements of >50 nm, stalls, and backwards slippage of the MT even under low loads. We perform experiments using antibodies to the chromokinesins Kid and KIF4 that identify Kid as the principal force-producing agent for PEFs. At first glance, this motor activity appears surprisingly weak and erratic, but it explains how PEFs can guide chromosome movements without severely deforming or damaging the local chromosome structure.
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