ReviewDevelopmental and comparative immunology2006
Immunoglobulins of the non-galliform birds: antibody expression and repertoire in the duck.
Review in Developmental and comparative immunology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evolutionary Comparative Analyses of DNA-Editing Enzymes of the Immune System: From 5-Dimensional Description of Protein Structures to Immunological Insights and Applications to Protein Engineering.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Development of a multi-species luciferase-based double-antigen ELISA for the detection of antibodies against influenza A virus H5 clade 2.3.4.4b.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2026Article
- Structural insights into antibody responses against influenza A virus in its natural reservoir.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Evolution of the Immunoglobulin Isotypes-Variations of Biophysical Properties among Animal Classes.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Clinical Efficacy of Immunoglobulin Combined with Glucocorticoids in the Treatment of Oculomotor Myasthenia Gravis in Children and the Effect on Serum Immunity.Computational and mathematical methods in medicine · 2022Article
- Post-Translational Protein Deimination Signatures in Serum and Serum-Extracellular Vesicles ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Article
- Deimination Protein Profiles inFrontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Innate Immune Responses to Avian Influenza Viruses in Ducks and Chickens.Veterinary sciences · 2019Review
- Immunoglobulin light chain (IGL) genes in torafugu: Genomic organization and identification of a third teleost IGL isotype.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Three IgH isotypes, IgM, IgA and IgY are expressed in Gentoo penguin and zebra finch.PloS one · 2017Article
- Characterization of Chicken IgY Specific toFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017Article
- Genome complexity in the coelacanth is reflected in its adaptive immune system.Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution · 2014Article
- IgH loci of American alligator and saltwater crocodile shed light on IgA evolution.Immunogenetics · 2013Article
- Immunoglobulin light chains in medaka (Oryzias latipes).Immunogenetics · 2013Article
- Immunoglobulin genes of the turtles.Immunogenetics · 2013Article
- Article
- Evolution of B cell immunity.Annual review of animal biosciences · 2013Review
- Extensive diversification of IgH subclass-encoding genes and IgM subclass switching in crocodilians.Nature communications · 2013Article
- Avian IgY antibodies and their recombinant equivalents in research, diagnostics and therapy.Biologicals : journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization · 2012Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Galliform and non-galliform birds express three immunoglobulin isotypes, IgM, IgA and IgY. Beyond this we should not generalize because differences in gene organization may have functional consequences reflected in the immune response. At present, studies on non-galliform birds are largely restricted to ducks. Ducks express an alternatively spliced form of their IgY heavy chain (upsilon) gene, the IgY(DeltaFc), that lacks the Fc region and Fc-associated secondary effector functions. It is not known how common the expression of the IgY(DeltaFc) is among birds, nor the functional consequences. It is also not known whether the unusual organization of the duck IgH locus, also shared with the chicken, having the gene order of mu, alpha and upsilon, with alpha inverted in the locus, is unique to the galloanseriform lineage. Ducks, like chickens, have a single immunoglobulin light chain of the lambda (lambda) type. Evidence suggests that ducks, like chickens, generate their immunoglobulin repertoire through a single functional rearrangement of the variable (V) region, and generate diversity through gene conversion from a pool of pseudogenes. In Southern blots of germline and rearranged bursal DNA, both the heavy and light chain loci of ducks appear to each undergo one major rearrangement event. For both heavy and light chains, the functional V region element and the pseudogenes appear to consist of a single gene family. Further analysis of 26 heavy chain joining (JH) and 27 light chain JL segments shows there is use of a single J segment in ducks, which is diversified presumably through somatic mutations and gene conversion events. Despite this limitation on the rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes, analysis of 26 DH and 122 VL sequences suggests that extensive sequence diversity is generated.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.