ArticleRespiratory research2005
Up-regulation of Toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 in allergic rhinitis.
Article in Respiratory research, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunomodulatory properties of probiotic extracellular vesicles- do they have the potential to fill the gap in therapeutic strategies for allergies?Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Toll-like receptor 3: a double-edged sword.Biomarker research · 2025Review
- New Insights into Mechanisms Traditional Chinese Medicine for Allergic Rhinitis by Regulating Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Pathways.Journal of asthma and allergy · 2024Review
- Pathogenesis of allergic diseases and implications for therapeutic interventions.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- When the allergy alarm bells toll: The role of Toll-like receptors in allergic diseases and treatment.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2023Review
- Pneumococcal ΔJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2022Article
- Adult allergic rhinitis sufferers have unique nasal mucosal and peripheral blood immune gene expression profiles: A case-control study.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2022Article
- Overexpression of miR-224-5p alleviates allergic rhinitis in mice via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway.Experimental animals · 2021Article
- Clinical and immunological allergy assessment in cancer patients.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- The SP-TLR axis, which locally primes the nasal mucosa, is impeded in patients with allergic rhinitis.Clinical and translational allergy · 2021Article
- Birch Pollen Induces Toll-Like Receptor 4-Dependent Dendritic Cell Activation Favoring T Cell Responses.Frontiers in allergy · 2021Article
- TLR Signals in Epithelial Cells in the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses.Frontiers in allergy · 2021Review
- Physical and immunological barrier of human primary nasal epithelial cells from non-allergic and allergic donors.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2020Article
- Initiating pollen sensitization - complex source, complex mechanisms.Clinical and translational allergy · 2020Review
- TLR2 Regulates Allergic Airway Inflammation and Autophagy Through PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway.Inflammation · 2017Article
- Expression of Toll-like receptors in nasal epithelium in allergic rhinitis.APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica · 2015Article
- Molecular mechanisms of nasal epithelium in rhinitis and rhinosinusitis.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2015Review
- Toll-like receptor 3 increases allergic and irritant contact dermatitis.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2015Article
- Expression profiling and functional analysis of Toll-like receptors in primary healthy human nasal epithelial cells shows no correlation and a refractory LPS response.Clinical and translational allergy · 2015Article
- Characteristics of Human Turbinate-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are Not Affected by Allergic Condition of Donor.PloS one · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundToll-like receptors enable the host to recognize a large number of pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, viral RNA, CpG-containing DNA and flagellin. Toll-like receptors have also been shown to play a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. The role of Toll-like receptors as a primary part of our microbe defense system has been shown in several studies, but their possible function as mediators in allergy and asthma remains to be established. The present study was designed to examine the expression of Toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 in the nasal mucosa of patients with intermittent allergic rhinitis, focusing on changes induced by exposure to pollen.
methods27 healthy controls and 42 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis volunteered for the study. Nasal biopsies were obtained before and during pollen season as well as before and after allergen challenge. The seasonal material was used for mRNA quantification of Toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 with real-time polymerase chain reaction, whereas specimens achieved in conjunction with allergen challenge were used for immunohistochemical localization and quantification of corresponding proteins.
resultsmRNA and protein representing Toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 could be demonstrated in all specimens. An increase in protein expression for all three receptors could be seen following allergen challenge, whereas a significant increase of mRNA only could be obtained for Toll-like receptor 3 during pollen season.
conclusionThe up-regulation of Toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 in the nasal mucosa of patients with symptomatic allergic rhinitis supports the idea of a role for Toll-like receptors in allergic airway inflammation.
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