ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2005
Interleukin-21: a modulator of lymphoid proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 182 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
182 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 431 citations in OpenAlex.
- Engineering cytokines for cancer immunotherapy: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Association between interleukin-21 gene rs6822844 polymorphism and rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility.Bioscience reports · 2019Pooled it
- Oestrogen up-regulates interleukin-21 production by CD4(+) T lymphocytes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.Immunology · 2014Trial
- Elevated number of IL-21+ TFH and CD86+CD38+ B cells in blood of renal transplant recipients with AMR under conventional immuno-suppression.International journal of immunopathology and pharmacologyTrial
- IL-21 controls CD8Zoological research · 2026Article
- Mapping Genetic Modifiers of Polyp Formation inCells · 2026Article
- IL-7/IL-15/IL-21 cytokine-fusion scaffold generates highly functional CAR T cells enriched in long-lived T memory stem cells.Science advances · 2026Article
- An engineered IL-21 variant is a potent antitumor candidate for antitumor immunotherapy.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Inducible immortalized Dendritic Cells enable antigen-specific antibody production in a murine in vitro Immunization model.PloS one · 2026Article
- Impact of interaction between IL-21 gene variants and smoking status on susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis.BMC medical genomics · 2025Article
- Design of a potent interleukin-21 mimic for cancer immunotherapy.Science immunology · 2025Article
- A critical role for IL-21/IL-21 receptor signaling in isoproterenol-induced cardiac remodeling.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Advances in research on the intestinal microbiota in the mechanism and prevention of colorectal cancer (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- Presetting CAR-T cells during ex vivo biomanufacturing.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- Immunomodulatory Activities of Thai Herbs and the Druggability of Their Bioactive Constituents: A Comprehensive Review for Potential Phytopharmaceutical Product Development.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Review
- Probiotics and their metabolite spermidine enhance IFN-γCell reports. Medicine · 2024Article
- Combinatory Nanovesicle with siRNA-Loaded Extracellular Vesicle and IGF-1 for Osteoarthritis Treatments.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Review
- Anti-aquaporin-4 immune complex stimulates complement-dependent Th17 cytokine release in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Translatability of findings from cynomolgus monkey to human suggests a mechanistic role for IL-21 in promoting immunogenicity to an anti-PD-1/IL-21 mutein fusion protein.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
122 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The interleukin-21 (IL-21)-IL-21-receptor system was discovered in 2000. It was immediately of great interest because of the homology of IL-21 to IL-2, IL-4 and IL-15, and of the IL-21-receptor subunit IL-21R to the beta-subunit of the IL-2 receptor, and because the IL-21 receptor also contains the common cytokine-receptor gamma-chain, the protein that is mutated in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. As we discuss, IL-21 has pleiotropic actions, from augmenting the proliferation of T cells and driving the differentiation of B cells into memory cells and terminally differentiated plasma cells to augmenting the activity of natural killer cells. Moreover, it has antitumour activity and might have a role in the development of autoimmunity, so these findings have implications for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.