ArticleAmerican journal of respiratory and critical care medicine2005
REM sleep-like atonia of hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons is caused by loss of noradrenergic and serotonergic inputs.
Article in American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 117 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
117 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 198 citations in OpenAlex.
- Are noradrenergics combined with antimuscarinics the future pharmacologic treatment for obstructive sleep apnea? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors combined with antimuscarinic agents vs monotherapy for OSA: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2024Pooled it
- A single dose of noradrenergic/serotonergic reuptake inhibitors combined with an antimuscarinic does not improve obstructive sleep apnoea severity.Physiological reports · 2022Trial
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- Different antimuscarinics when combined with atomoxetine have differential effects on obstructive sleep apnea severity.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2021Trial
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- The Combination of Atomoxetine and Oxybutynin Greatly Reduces Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity. A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-Blind Crossover Trial.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Melatonin and oxidative DNA damage in REM- and NREM-related obstructive sleep apnea: an exploratory analysis of sleep-stage phenotypes.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Precision Pharmacotherapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Matching Targeted Drugs to Patient Endophenotypes.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Targeting Hypoglossal Neurobiology in the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: The Emergence of Aroxybutynin-Atomoxetine (AD109).Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of upper airway muscle control in sleep reveal therapeutic targets for obstructive sleep apnea.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2026Review
- Adherence to CPAP in Randomized Controlled Trials in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea-A Meta-Analysis and Investigation of Predictors.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Noradrenergic input to hypoglossal motoneurons is mediated by interneurons located in prehypoglossal region.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2026Article
- Shared Pathogenic Pathways Between REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Disorders.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Aroxybutynin and atomoxetine (AD109) for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of the phase 3 clinical trials.Contemporary clinical trials communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Differential effects of sleep position and sleep stage on the severity of obstructive sleep apnea.Journal of sleep research · 2025Article
- Short-term Effects of Nortriptyline on Sleep Parameters for Residual OSA after UPPP.Iranian journal of otorhinolaryngology · 2025Article
- Cholinergic modulation of upper airway control: maturational changes and mechanisms at cellular and synaptic levels.Journal of neurophysiology · 2025Review
57 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleStudies of hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons that innervate the genioglossus muscle, an upper airway dilator, suggested that the suppression of upper airway motor tone during REM sleep is caused by withdrawal of excitation mediated by norepinephrine and serotonin.
objectivesOur objectives were to determine whether antagonism of aminergic receptors located in the XII nucleus region can abolish the REM sleep-like atonia of XII motoneurons, and whether both serotonergic and noradrenergic antagonists are required to achieve this effect.
methodsREM sleep-like episodes were elicited in anesthetized rats by pontine carbachol injections before and at various times after microinjection of prazosin and methysergide combined, or of only one of the drugs, into the XII nucleus. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
resultsSpontaneous XII nerve activity was significantly reduced, by 35 to 81%, by each antagonist alone and in combination, indicating that XII motoneurons were under both noradrenergic and serotonergic endogenous excitatory drives. During the 32 to 81 min after microinjections of both antagonists, pontine carbachol caused no depression of XII nerve activity, whereas other characteristic effects (activation of the hippocampal and cortical EEG, and slowing of the respiratory rate) remained intact. A partial recovery of the depressant effect of carbachol then occurred parallel to the recovery of spontaneous XII nerve activity from the depressant effect of the antagonists. Microinjections of either antagonist alone did not eliminate the depressant effect of carbachol.
conclusionsThe REM sleep-like depression of XII motoneuronal activity induced by pontine carbachol can be fully accounted for by the combined withdrawal of noradrenergic and serotonergic effects on XII motoneurons.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.