ReviewDiabetologia2005
The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes.
Review in Diabetologia, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 120 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
120 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 375 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preterm Delivery and Future Risk of Maternal Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2018Pooled it
- Validation of metabolic syndrome score by confirmatory factor analysis in children and adults and prediction of cardiometabolic outcomes in adults.Diabetologia · 2014Trial
- Effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention on metabolic syndrome. A randomized controlled trial.Journal of general internal medicine · 2007Trial
- Classification Without Reduction: The Epistemology of Clinical Taxonomy Examined Through TCM Constitution Theory.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice · 2026Article
- From Metabolic Syndrome to Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (CKM): A Clinical and Pathophysiological Continuum.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- WHtR-BFP dual-dimensional synergy: innovative construction of a nine-grid model for precision obesity management.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Linking metabolic syndrome, cerebral small vessel disease, and cognitive health: insights from a subclinical population study using TriNetX.GeroScience · 2025Article
- A New Clinical Entity Bridging the Cardiovascular System and the Kidney: The Chronic Cardiovascular-Kidney Disorder.Cardiorenal medicine · 2025Review
- Impact of Korean Military Service on the Prevalence of Steatotic Liver Disease: A Longitudinal Study of Pre-enlistment and In-Service Health Check-Ups.Gut and liver · 2024Article
- Unsupervised clustering identified clinically relevant metabolic syndrome endotypes in UK and Taiwan Biobanks.iScience · 2024Article
- Associations between urine glyphosate levels and metabolic health risks: insights from a large cross-sectional population-based study.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2024Article
- Molecular and pathophysiological relationship between obesity and chronic inflammation in the manifestation of metabolic dysfunctions and their inflammation‑mediating treatment options (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2024Review
- The Metabolic Syndrome, a Human Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Trajectory patterns of metabolic syndrome severity score and risk of type 2 diabetes.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- Cardiovascular risk factors and its patterns of change between 4 and 8 years of age in the INMA-Asturias cohort.PloS one · 2023Article
- Psychological well-being, mental distress, metabolic syndrome, and associated factors among people living in a refugee camp in Greece: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- L-Arginine increases AMPK phosphorylation and the oxidation of energy substrates in hepatocytes, skeletal muscle cells, and adipocytes.Amino acids · 2022Article
- Dietary L-arginine supplementation increases the hepatic expression of AMP-activated protein kinase in rats.Amino acids · 2022Article
- Novel diabetes gene discovery through comprehensive characterization and integrative analysis of longitudinal gene expression changes.Human molecular genetics · 2022Article
- Metabolic syndrome and underlying genetic determinants-A systematic review.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2022Review
60 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe term 'metabolic syndrome' refers to a clustering of specific cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors whose underlying pathophysiology is thought to be related to insulin resistance.
methodsSince the term is widely used in research and clinical practice, we undertook an extensive review of the literature in relation to the syndrome's definition, underlying pathogenesis, association with cardiovascular disease and to the goals and impact of treatment. DISCUSSION: While there is no question that certain CVD risk factors are prone to cluster, we found that the metabolic syndrome has been imprecisely defined, there is a lack of certainty regarding its pathogenesis, and there is considerable doubt regarding its value as a CVD risk marker. Our analysis indicates that too much critically important information is missing to warrant its designation as a 'syndrome'.
conclusionUntil much-needed research is completed, clinicians should evaluate and treat all CVD risk factors without regard to whether a patient meets the criteria for diagnosis of the 'metabolic syndrome'.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.