ArticleDigestive diseases and sciences2005
Clostridium difficile toxin A induces intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and damage: role of Gln and Ala-Gln in toxin A effects.
Article in Digestive diseases and sciences, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of the enteric nervous system in the pathogenesis of Clostridioides difficile infection.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Review
- Alanyl-glutamine supplementation forBMJ open · 2023Article
- Clostridioides difficile toxins: mechanisms of action and antitoxin therapeutics.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2022Review
- Host and Clostridioides difficile-Response Modulated by Micronutrients and Glutamine: An Overview.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Review
- Adenosine receptors differentially mediate enteric glial cell death induced byFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Genomic characterization of nine Clostridioides difficile strains isolated from Korean patients with Clostridioides difficile infection.Gut pathogens · 2021Article
- Clostridium difficile toxins or infection induce upregulation of adenosine receptors and IL-6 with early pro-inflammatory and late anti-inflammatory pattern.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2020Article
- Article
- Intestinal cell migration damage induced by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2018Article
- Effects ofOncology letters · 2018Article
- The role of toxins in Clostridium difficile infection.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2017Review
- Transforming Growth Factor β1/SMAD Signaling Pathway Activation Protects the Intestinal Epithelium from Clostridium difficile Toxin A-Induced Damage.Infection and immunity · 2017Article
- Clostridium difficile Toxins TcdA and TcdB Cause Colonic Tissue Damage by Distinct Mechanisms.Infection and immunity · 2016Article
- Alanyl-glutamine attenuates 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2015Article
- Caspase activation as a versatile assay platform for detection of cytotoxic bacterial toxins.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2013Article
- Intestinal epithelial restitution after TcdB challenge and recovery from Clostridium difficile infection in mice with alanyl-glutamine treatment.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2013Article
- Article
- Glutamine and alanyl-glutamine increase RhoA expression and reduce Clostridium difficile toxin-a-induced intestinal epithelial cell damage.BioMed research international · 2013Article
- Protective effects of alanyl-glutamine supplementation against nelfinavir-induced epithelial impairment in IEC-6 cells and in mouse intestinal mucosa.Cancer biology & therapy · 2012Article
- Goat milk with and without increased concentrations of lysozyme improves repair of intestinal cell damage induced by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.BMC gastroenterology · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A (TxA) on intestinal epithelial cell migration, apoptosis, and transepithelial resistance and to evaluate the effect of glutamine (Gln) and its stable derivative, alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln), on TxA-induced damage. Migration was measured in rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) 6 and 24 hr after a razor scrape of the cell monolayer. Cell proliferation was indirectly measured utilizing the tetrazolium salt WST-1. The cells were incubated with TxA (1-100 ng/ml) in medium without Gln or medium containing Gln or Ala-Gln (1-30 mM). Apoptosis was quantified in IEC-6 cells using annexin V assay. Transepithelial resistance was measured using an epithelial voltohmmeter across T84 cells seeded on a transwell filter. TxA-induced a dose-dependent reduction of migration and also caused dose and time-dependent apoptosis in IEC-6 cells. Gln and Aln-Gln significantly enhanced IEC-6 cell migration and proliferation. Gln and Ala-Gln also prevented the inhibition of migration, apoptosis, and the initial drop in transepithelial resistance induced by TxA. In conclusion, both peptides reduced toxin-induced epithelial damage and thus might play an adjunctive role in C. difficile-induced colitis therapy.
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