ArticleInfection and immunity2005
Establishment of cloned Anaplasma phagocytophilum and analysis of p44 gene conversion within an infected horse and infected SCID mice.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Generation of Population-Level Diversity inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Differential Susceptibility of Male Versus Female Laboratory Mice toTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2018Article
- An emerging tick-borne disease of humans is caused by a subset of strains with conserved genome structure.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2013Article
- Antigen variability in Anaplasma phagocytophilum during chronic infection of a reservoir host.Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2012Article
- Evolution of antigen variation in the tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum.Molecular biology and evolution · 2012Article
- Proteomic analysis of Anaplasma phagocytophilum during infection of human myeloid cells identifies a protein that is pronouncedly upregulated on the infectious dense-cored cell.Infection and immunity · 2011Article
- Mechanisms of obligatory intracellular infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2011Review
- Cloning of the major outer membrane protein expression locus in Anaplasma platys and seroreactivity of a species-specific antigen.Journal of bacteriology · 2011Article
- Global proteomic analysis of two tick-borne emerging zoonotic agents: anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia chaffeensis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2011Article
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis: subversive manipulators of host cells.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2010Review
- Differential expression and glycosylation of anaplasma phagocytophilum major surface protein 2 paralogs during cultivation in sialyl Lewis x-deficient host cells.Infection and immunity · 2009Article
- Co-phylogenetic analysis of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and its vectors, Ixodes spp. ticks.Experimental & applied acarology · 2008Article
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum MSP2(P44)-18 predominates and is modified into multiple isoforms in human myeloid cells.Infection and immunity · 2008Article
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum p44 mRNA expression is differentially regulated in mammalian and tick host cells: involvement of the DNA binding protein ApxR.Journal of bacteriology · 2007Article
- Identification of novel surface proteins of Anaplasma phagocytophilum by affinity purification and proteomics.Journal of bacteriology · 2007Article
- Efficient method of cloning the obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2007Article
- Porin activity of Anaplasma phagocytophilum outer membrane fraction and purified P44.Journal of bacteriology · 2007Article
- Structure of the expression site reveals global diversity in MSP2 (P44) variants in Anaplasma phagocytophilum.Infection and immunity · 2006Article
- Differential expression and sequence conservation of the Anaplasma marginale msp2 gene superfamily outer membrane proteins.Infection and immunity · 2006Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Diverse p44 alleles at the p44 expression locus (p44Es) encoding surface-exposed major membrane proteins, P44s, of Anaplasma phagocytophilum were hypothesized to be garnered by recombination to enact antigenic variation. However, this hypothesis has not been proven so far, due to inability to clone this obligate intragranulocytic rickettsia. To define the p44E recombination, we developed a novel method to clone A. phagocytophilum. This isogenic cloned population containing a defined p44E was used to infect a naive horse and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. During a 58-day infection period in the blood of the horse, p44E conversion was evident in a total of 11 new p44Es, 48% (115/242) of the sequenced p44E population. During a 50-day infection period in the blood of SCID mice, p44E conversion was manifested in a total of 13 new p44Es, 42% (192/460) of the p44E population. Thus, similar levels of p44E convertants were detected in either the presence or absence of an acquired immune system, suggesting that T- and B-cell immune pressure was not essential for recombination and/or selection of the p44E variants. Analysis of sequentially changed p44Es revealed that the entire central hypervariable region of donor p44 pseudogenes or of donor full-length p44s replaced the same region of the resident p44E as a cassette. Putative recombination points were detected within p44 conserved regions flanking the central hypervariable region by the TOPALi analysis. Our results unambiguously demonstrated p44E recombination. The cloning method developed would facilitate precise analysis of the recombination process and the extent of diversity which the recombination creates in the antigenic repertoire.
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