ArticleJournal of virology2005
Evidence that low-level viremias during effective highly active antiretroviral therapy result from two processes: expression of archival virus and replication of virus.
Article in Journal of virology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 149 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
149 citing papers in PubMed, 217 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of Developing Low-Level Viral Rebound Among People With HIV Receiving 2- or 3-Drug Regimens: A Case-Control Study Nested in the ICONA Cohort.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Modelling HIV-1 2-LTR dynamics following raltegravir intensification.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2013Trial
- Monitoring of HIV type 1 DNA load and drug resistance in peripheral blood mononuclear cells during suppressive antiretroviral therapy does not predict virologic failure.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2012Trial
- Mutation of HIV-1 genomes in a clinical population treated with the mutagenic nucleoside KP1461.PloS one · 2011Trial
- Intrapartum tenofovir and emtricitabine reduces low-concentration drug resistance selected by single-dose nevirapine for perinatal HIV prevention.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2009Trial
- HIV reservoir size and persistence are driven by T cell survival and homeostatic proliferation.Nature medicine · 2009Trial
- Productive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in peripheral blood predominantly takes place in CD4/CD8 double-negative T lymphocytes.Journal of virology · 2007Trial
- Article
- Decoding HIV-1 Next Move Through Matrix Protein p17 Quasi-Species.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Low-level viremia in people with HIV in Ethiopia is associated with subsequent lack of viral suppression and attrition from care.Global health action · 2025Article
- Factors associated with resistance of HIV-1 reservoir viruses to neutralization by autologous IgG antibodies.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Proviruses in CD4Science translational medicine · 2025Article
- Modeling the Interplay Between Viral and Immune Dynamics in HIV: A Review and Mrgsolve Implementation and Exploration.Clinical and translational science · 2025Review
- Higher Genotyping Performance of the Applied Biosystems TaqPath Seq HIV-1 Genotyping Kit Against ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping Kit in HIVInfection and drug resistance · 2025Article
- Article
- Advancing Toward a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cure: Initial Progress on a Difficult Path.Infectious disease clinics of North America · 2024Review
- Sequence Analysis of Inducible, Replication-Competent Virus Reveals No Evidence of HIV-1 Evolution During Suppressive Antiviral Therapy, Indicating a Lack of Ongoing Viral Replication.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- CD4+ T cells with latent HIV-1 have reduced proliferative responses to T cell receptor stimulation.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2024Article
- Low-level viremia episodes appear to affect the provirus composition of the circulating cellular HIV reservoir during antiretroviral therapy.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
89 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Episodes of low-level viremia (LLV), with plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels ranging from 50 to 400 copies (c)/ml, occur commonly during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). LLV has been associated with virologic failure of HAART in some studies, while in others LLV did not appear to affect the clinical outcome. To understand the processes leading to LLV, genetic analyses were used to determine whether plasma virions emanated from archived or from newly evolved viral genomes. Episodes of LLV (plasma HIV-1 RNA, 50 to 379 [median, 77] c/ml) were detected in 21/37 (57%) HIV-1-infected children with median plasma HIV-1 RNA levels of <50 c/ml during 79 patient years of HAART. Viral sequences were derived by direct sequencing of PCR products from 21 plasma specimens diluted to end point. In phylogenetic analysis, LLV viral sequences grouped with virus from early in the course of infection in 8/11 subjects. Six specimens had multiple identical viral sequences, suggesting origin from clonally expanded infected cells. LLV plasma virus evolved over time, indicating viral replication, in 3/11 subjects. Two of these had frequent LLV, including the selection of drug-resistant mutants. In summary, plasma virus from episodes of LLV during effective HAART appeared to originate from two distinct processes, (i) clonal outgrowth from long-lived HIV-1-infected cells, presumably following activation and proliferation of these cells, and (ii) ongoing viral replication that included the selection of new drug-resistant mutants. These observations provide a plausible explanation for the divergent clinical outcomes previously associated with LLV.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.