ArticleMolecular genetics and genomics : MGG2005
Molecular cloning and genetic analysis of a symbiosis-expressed gene cluster for lolitrem biosynthesis from a mutualistic endophyte of perennial ryegrass.
Article in Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers.
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68 citing papers in PubMed, 200 citations in OpenAlex.
- The relationships among alkaloid concentration, endophyte mycelial concentration and host genetics in the tall fescue Epichloë symbiosis.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Morphological, Molecular, and Alkaloid Gene Profiling ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Discovery and Characterization ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Anti-herbivory defences delivered by Epichloë fungal endophytes: a quantitative review of alkaloid concentration variation among hosts and plant parts.Annals of botany · 2024Review
- Developing robust quantitative PCR primers for comparative biomass analysis of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and its Epichloë endophyte.microPublication biology · 2024Article
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- The Biosynthesis Related Enzyme, Structure Diversity and Bioactivity Abundance of Indole-Diterpenes: A Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Cross-species transcriptomics identifies core regulatory changes differentiating the asymptomatic asexual and virulent sexual life cycles of grass-symbiotic Epichloë fungi.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Article
- Epichloë scottii sp. nov., a new endophyte isolated from Melica uniflora is the missing ancestor of Epichloë disjuncta.IMA fungus · 2022Article
- A Metabolomic Study ofMetabolites · 2022Article
- Dissection of the epoxyjanthitrem pathway inFrontiers in fungal biology · 2022Article
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- Exploiting the Potential of Meroterpenoid Cyclases to Expand the Chemical Space of Fungal Meroterpenoids.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2020Article
- Lolium perenne apoplast metabolomics for identification of novel metabolites produced by the symbiotic fungus Epichloë festucae.The New phytologist · 2020Article
- Molecular mechanisms in grass-Epichloë interactions: towards endophyte driven farming to improve plant fitness and immunity.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2020Review
- Functional characterization of the idtF and idtP genes in the Claviceps paspali indole diterpene biosynthetic gene cluster.Folia microbiologica · 2020Article
- Determination of Loline Alkaloids and Mycelial Biomass in Endophyte-InfectedMicroorganisms · 2020Article
- Terpene synthases in disguise: enzymology, structure, and opportunities of non-canonical terpene synthases.Natural product reports · 2020Review
- Identification of ε-Poly-L-lysine as an Antimicrobial Product from anMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Lolitrems are potent tremorgenic mycotoxins that are synthesised by clavicipitaceous fungal endophytes of the Epichloë/Neotyphodium group in association with grasses. These indole-diterpenes confer major ecological benefits on the grass-endophyte symbiotum. A molecular signature for diterpene biosynthesis is the presence of two geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthases. Using degenerate primers for conserved domains of fungal GGPP synthases, we cloned two such genes, ltmG and ggsA, from Neotyphodium lolii. Adjacent to ltmG are two genes, ltmM and ltmK, that are predicted to encode an FAD-dependent monooxygenase and a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, respectively. The cluster of ltm genes is flanked by AT-rich retrotransposon DNA that appears to have undergone extensive repeat induced point (RIP) mutation. Epichloë festucae, the sexual ancestor of N. lolii, contains an identical ltm gene cluster, but lacks the retrotransposon "platform'' on the right flank. Associations established between perennial ryegrass and an E. festucae mutant deleted for ltmM lack detectable levels of lolitrems. A wild-type copy of ltmM complemented this phenotype, as did paxM from Penicillium paxilli. Northern hybridization and RT-PCR analysis showed that all three genes are weakly expressed in culture but strongly induced in planta. The relative endophyte biomass in these associations was estimated by real-time PCR to be between 0.3 and 1.9%. Taking this difference into account, the steady-state levels of the ltm transcripts are about 100-fold greater than the levels of the endogenous ryegrass beta-tubulin (beta -Tub1) and actin (Act1) RNAs. Based on these results we propose that ltmG, ltmM and ltmK are members of a set of genes required for lolitrem biosynthesis in E. festucae and N. lolii.
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