ArticleBreast cancer research : BCR2005
Assessment of the proliferative, apoptotic and cellular renovation indices of the human mammary epithelium during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle.
Article in Breast cancer research : BCR, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Randomized Phase IIB Trial of the Lignan Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside in Premenopausal Women at Increased Risk for Development of Breast Cancer.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2020Trial
- Lowering oral contraceptive norethindrone dose increases estrogen and progesterone receptor levels with no reduction in proliferation of breast epithelium: a randomized trial.Contraception · 2012Trial
- Tamoxifen downregulates ets oncogene family members ETV4 and ETV5 in benign breast tissue: implications for durable risk reduction.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2011Trial
- A concept for a new approach to combined oral contraception from adolescence to perimenopause: Continuous use of the oral GnRH antagonist Relugolix and the fetal estrogen Estetrol.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Field cancerization, accelerated aging, and immunosuppression: the rapid rise of hormone-sensitive and early-onset breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Review
- Obesity increases DNA damage in the breast epithelium.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
- Diagnostic and therapeutic use of oral micronized progesterone in endocrinology.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2024Review
- The relation between excess adiposity and breast cancer in women: Clinical implications and management.Critical reviews in oncology/hematology · 2024Review
- The mutational landscape of the adult healthy parous and nulliparous human breast.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Article
- Exploring the Potential of PEG-Heparin Hydrogels to Support Long-Term Ex Vivo Culture of Patient-Derived Breast Explant Tissues.Advanced healthcare materials · 2023Article
- Molecular and cellular basis of the dose-rate-dependent adverse effects of radiation exposure in animal models. Part I: Mammary gland and digestive tract.Journal of radiation research · 2023Review
- Article
- Discordance in 21-gene recurrence scores between paired breast cancer samples is inversely associated with patient age.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2020Article
- Inter-Individual Variation in Response to Estrogen in Human Breast Explants.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2020Article
- Proliferative heterogeneity of murine epithelial cells in the adult mammary gland.Communications biology · 2018Article
- The Role of Steroid Hormones in Breast and Effects on Cancer Stem Cells.Current stem cell reports · 2018Review
- In-silico insights on the prognostic potential of immune cell infiltration patterns in the breast lobular epithelium.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Hormonal Modulation of Breast Cancer Gene Expression: Implications for Intrinsic Subtyping in Premenopausal Women.Frontiers in oncology · 2016Review
- Form and function: how estrogen and progesterone regulate the mammary epithelial hierarchy.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionDuring the menstrual cycle, the mammary gland goes through sequential waves of proliferation and apoptosis. In mammary epithelial cells, hormonal and non-hormonal factors regulate apoptosis. To determine the cyclical effects of gonadal steroids on breast homeostasis, we evaluated the apoptotic index (AI) determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining in human mammary epithelial cells during the spontaneous menstrual cycle and correlated it with cellular proliferation as determined by the expression of Ki-67 during the same period.
methodsNormal breast tissue samples were obtained from 42 randomly selected patients in the proliferative (n = 21) and luteal (n = 21) phases. Menstrual cycle phase characterization was based on the date of the last and subsequent menses, and on progesterone serum levels obtained at the time of biopsy.
resultsThe proliferation index (PI), defined as the number of Ki-67-positive nuclei per 1,000 epithelial cells, was significantly larger in the luteal phase (30.46) than in the follicular phase (13.45; P = 0.0033). The AI was defined as the number of TUNEL-positive cells per 1,000 epithelial cells. The average AI values in both phases of the menstrual cycle were not statistically significant (P = 0.21). However, the cell renewal index (CRI = PI/AI) was significantly higher in the luteal phase (P = 0.033). A significant cyclical variation of PI, AI and CRI was observed. PI and AI peaks occurred on about the 24th day of the menstrual cycle, whereas the CRI reached higher values on the 28th day.
conclusionsWe conclude that proliferative activity is dependent mainly on hormonal fluctuations, whereas apoptotic activity is probably regulated by hormonal and non-hormonal factors.
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