Evidence map›Paper›PMID 15949648›Full record

SynthesisSchizophrenia research2005

A meta-analysis of worldwide studies demonstrates an association between schizophrenia and tobacco smoking behaviors.

Jose de Leon, Francisco J Diaz

Abstract readMeta-Analysis
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Schizophrenia research, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 522 papers, 12 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
522citing papers in PubMed, 12 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

522 citing papers in PubMed, 12 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  4. A systematic review and meta-analysis of neuromodulation therapies for substance use disorders.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024
    Pooled it
  5. Suicide Mortality Risk among Patients with Lung Cancer-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023
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  16. One-day tropisetron treatment improves cognitive deficits and P50 inhibition deficits in schizophrenia.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2020
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462 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Jose de LeonMental Health Research Center at Eastern State Hospital, 627 West Fourth St., Lexington, KY 40508, USA. jdeleon@uky.edu
Francisco J Diaz

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A meta-analysis of worldwide studies, found by a 10-year literature follow-up and/or by searching PubMed, was performed. Forty-two studies across 20 nations consistently demonstrated an association between schizophrenia and current smoking (weighted average odds ratio, OR=5.9; 95% confidence interval, CI 4.9--5.7). In 32 male studies across 18 nations, the weighted average OR was 7.2 (CI, 6.1--8.3). In 25 female studies across 15 nations, the weighted average OR was 3.3 (CI, 3.0--3.6). The association between schizophrenia and current smoking remained after using severe mentally ill controls (18 studies across 9 countries, weighted average OR was 1.9, CI 1.7--2.1) and controlling for other variables (3 studies, adjusted ORs ranged 2-3). Heavy smoking (6 studies across 4 countries, ORs ranged 1.9--6.4) and high nicotine dependence were more frequent in smokers with schizophrenia versus the general population. There was no consistent evidence that heavy smoking or high nicotine dependence was more frequent in smokers with schizophrenia versus severe mentally ill controls. Cessation rates were lower in schizophrenia smokers versus the general population. Schizophrenia patients had a higher prevalence of ever smoking than the general population (9 studies across 6 countries, weighted average OR=3.1, CI 2.4--3.8) and than severe mentally ill patients (5 studies across 5 countries, OR=2.0, CI 1.6--2.4). Moreover, in two studies adjusting for confounders schizophrenia patients had an increased risk of starting daily smoking than controls. Thus, people who are going to develop schizophrenia have risk factors that make them more vulnerable to start smoking.

Indexed as

ComorbidityFemaleHumansMaleSchizophreniaSmokingSmoking CessationSmoking PreventionTobacco Use Disorder

Identifiers

PMID15949648

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.