ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2005
Emergence of unique primate T-lymphotropic viruses among central African bushmeat hunters.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 190 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
190 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 444 citations in OpenAlex.
- Work-Related Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) Infection: A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2021Pooled it
- Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/-2) infection in pregnant women in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- Seroprevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 amongst mothers and children in Malawi within the context of a systematic review and meta-analysis of HTLV seroprevalence in Africa.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2016Pooled it
- Re-emergence of human T-lymphotropic viruses in West Africa.The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious DiseasesPooled it
- Experiences from Two Decades of HTLV-1/2 Testing in a Low-Prevalence Area in Southern Germany, 2004 to 2024.Viruses · 2026Article
- Observational
- Review
- Gammaretrovirus Infections in Humans in the Past, Present, and Future: Have We Defeated the Pathogen?Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Cultural practices, wildlife trade dynamics, and climate-migration interactions: an integrated one health approach to reducing zoonotic spillover risks in Africa.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-Brain Barrier to Explore HTLV-1 Immunopathogenesis.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- High expression of Rex-orf-I and HBZ mRNAs and bronchiectasis in lung of HTLV-1A/C infected macaques.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
- High prevalence of simian foamy virus infection of South American Indians.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV): Epidemiology, Genetic, Pathogenesis, and Future Challenges.Viruses · 2025Review
- Evolution of primate T-cell leukemia virus type 1 accessory genes and functional divergence of its antisense proteins.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Global epidemiology of HTLV: Under-reported and under-studied regions.Northern clinics of Istanbul · 2025Review
- Determinants in the HTLV-1 Capsid Major Homology Region that are Critical for Virus Particle Assembly.Journal of molecular biology · 2024Article
- A novel high-performance rapid screening test for the detection of total HTLV-I and HTLV-II antibodies in HTLV-I/II infected patients.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Seroprevalence of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-1 in a Jamaican Antenatal Population and Assessment of Pooled Testing as a Cost Reduction Strategy for Implementation of Routine Antenatal Screening.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
130 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) types 1 and 2 originated independently and are related to distinct lineages of simian T-lymphotropic viruses (STLV-1 and STLV-2, respectively). These facts, along with the finding that HTLV-1 diversity appears to have resulted from multiple cross-species transmissions of STLV-1, suggest that contact between humans and infected nonhuman primates (NHPs) may result in HTLV emergence. We investigated the diversity of HTLV among central Africans reporting contact with NHP blood and body fluids through hunting, butchering, and keeping primate pets. We show that this population is infected with a wide variety of HTLVs, including two previously unknown retroviruses: HTLV-4 is a member of a phylogenetic lineage that is distinct from all known HTLVs and STLVs; HTLV-3 falls within the phylogenetic diversity of STLV-3, a group not previously seen in humans. We also document human infection with multiple STLV-1-like viruses. These results demonstrate greater HTLV diversity than previously recognized and suggest that NHP exposure contributes to HTLV emergence. Our discovery of unique and divergent HTLVs has implications for HTLV diagnosis, blood screening, and potential disease development in infected persons. The findings also indicate that cross-species transmission is not the rate-limiting step in pandemic retrovirus emergence and suggest that it may be possible to predict and prevent disease emergence by surveillance of populations exposed to animal reservoirs and interventions to decrease risk factors, such as primate hunting.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.