ReviewThe Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology2005
Progestins and progesterone in hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer.
Review in The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Is Hormone Replacement Therapy a Risk Factor or a Therapeutic Option for Alzheimer's Disease?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Estrogen plus progestin and risk of benign proliferative breast disease.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2008Trial
- Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of neuropsychiatric disease: a drug target Mendelian randomisation study.npj women's health · 2026Article
- Addressing the Missing Links in Cardiovascular Aging.Clinical interventions in aging · 2024Review
- Hormone replacement therapy perspectives.Frontiers in global women's health · 2024Article
- New Insights on the Progesterone (P4) and PGRMC1/NENF Complex Interactions in Colorectal Cancer Progression.Cancers · 2023Article
- Progesterone: A Steroid with Wide Range of Effects in Physiology as Well as Human Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Estradiol and progesterone regulate proliferation and apoptosis in colon cancer.Endocrine connections · 2019Article
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and breast cancer risk in a European prospective cohort study.International journal of cancer · 2018Article
- Progesterone PLGA/mPEG-PLGA Hybrid Nanoparticle Sustained-Release System by Intramuscular Injection.Pharmaceutical research · 2018Article
- Progesterone impairs Herceptin effect on breast cancer cells.Oncology letters · 2018Article
- Antiproliferative Properties of Newly Synthesized 19-Nortestosterone Analogs Without Substantial Androgenic Activity.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2018Article
- Article
- State of the evidence 2017: an update on the connection between breast cancer and the environment.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2017Review
- Bioavailable insulin-like growth factor-I as mediator of racial disparity in obesity-relevant breast and colorectal cancer risk among postmenopausal women.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2017Observational
- Oral contraceptives cause evolutionarily novel increases in hormone exposure: A risk factor for breast cancer.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2017Article
- Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer: what is the true size of the increased risk?British journal of cancer · 2016Article
- The Risk of Breast Cancer in Women Using Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy in Taiwan.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2016Article
- Genetic polymorphisms of insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, xenoestrogen, phytoestrogen, and premenopausal breast cancer.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Controlled studies and most observational studies published over the last 5 years suggest that the addition of synthetic progestins to estrogen in hormone replacement therapy (HRT), particularly in continuous-combined regimen, increases the breast cancer (BC) risk compared to estrogen alone. By contrast, a recent study suggests that the addition of natural progesterone in cyclic regimens does not affect BC risk. This finding is consistent with in vivo data suggesting that progesterone does not have a detrimental effect on breast tissue. The increased BC risk found with the addition of synthetic progestins to estrogen could be due to the regimen and/or the kind of progestin used. Continuous-combined regimen inhibits the sloughing of mammary epithelium that occurs after progesterone withdrawal in a cyclic regimen. More importantly, the progestins used (medroxyprogesterone acetate and 19-Nortestosterone-derivatives) are endowed with some non-progesterone-like effects, which can potentiate the proliferative action of estrogens. Particularly relevant seem to be the metabolic and hepatocellular effects (decreased insulin sensitivity, increased levels and activity of insulin-like growth factor-I, and decreased levels of SHBG), which contrast the opposite effects induced by oral estrogen.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.