Trial reportAmerican journal of epidemiology2005
Effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy among injection drug users with late-stage human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Trial report in American journal of epidemiology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Examining non-AIDS mortality among people who inject drugs.AIDS (London, England) · 2014Pooled it
- Mortality among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2013Pooled it
- Social and structural factors associated with HIV disease progression among illicit drug users: a systematic review.AIDS (London, England) · 2012Pooled it
- Forecasting drug resistant HIV protease evolution.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Mortality among people who inject drugs: a prospective cohort followed over three decades in Baltimore, MD, USA.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Article
- Increases in CD4Antiviral therapy · 2017Article
- Understanding the effects of different HIV transmission models in individual-based microsimulation of HIV epidemic dynamics in people who inject drugs.Epidemiology and infection · 2016Article
- Mortality among heroin users and users of other internationally regulated drugs: A 27-year follow-up of users in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program household samples.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2015Article
- Article
- Cross-clade simultaneous HIV drug resistance genotyping for reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase inhibitor mutations by Illumina MiSeq.Retrovirology · 2014Article
- Persistent racial/ethnic disparities in AIDS diagnosis rates among people who inject drugs in U.S. metropolitan areas, 1993-2007.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) · 2014Article
- Article
- Benefits of adherence to psychotropic medications on depressive symptoms and antiretroviral medication adherence among men and women living with HIV/AIDS.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2012Article
- Provider and clinic-level correlates of deferring antiretroviral therapy for people who inject drugs: a survey of North American HIV providers.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2012Article
- Article
- Incarceration predicts virologic failure for HIV-infected injection drug users receiving antiretroviral therapy.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2011Article
- The impact of cocaine use on outcomes in HIV-infected patients receiving buprenorphine/naloxone.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2011Article
- Antiretroviral use among active injection-drug users: the role of patient-provider engagement and structural factors.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2010Article
- Temporal trends in highly active antiretroviral therapy initiation among injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland, 1996-2008.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2010Article
- Prevention of HIV infection among injection drug users in resource-limited settings.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2010Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been shown to be effective in different populations, but data among injection drug users are limited. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected injection drug users recruited into the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Link to Intravenous Experiences (ALIVE) Study as early as 1988 were tested semiannually to identify their first CD4-positive T-lymphocyte cell count below 200/microl; they were followed for mortality through 2002. Visits were categorized into the pre-HAART (before mid-1996) and the HAART eras and further categorized by HAART use. Survival analysis with staggered entry was used to evaluate the effect of HAART on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related mortality, adjusting for other medications and demographic, clinical, and behavioral factors. Among 665 participants, 258 died during 2,402 person-years of follow-up. Compared with survival in the pre-HAART era, survival in the HAART era was shown by multivariate analysis to be improved for both those who did and did not receive HAART (relative hazards = 0.06 and 0.33, respectively; p < 0.001). Inferences were unchanged after restricting analyses to data starting with 1993 and considerations of lead-time bias and human immunodeficiency viral load. The annual CD4-positive T-lymphocyte cell decline was less in untreated HAART-era participants than in pre-HAART-era participants (-10/microl vs. -37/microl, respectively), suggesting that changing indications for treatment may have contributed to improved survival and that analyses restricted to the HAART era probably underestimate HAART effectiveness.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.