ArticleNature2005
Prime role for an insulin epitope in the development of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice.
Article in Nature, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 390 papers.
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Who cites it
390 citing papers in PubMed, 741 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pancreatic islets: new discoveries for innovative treatments of diabetes?Diabetologia · 2026Review
- From Disposal to Display: Crinophagy as a β-Cell Source of Neoantigens in Type 1 Diabetes.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Beyond Sequence: Posttranslational Remodeling of Antigens in Autoimmunity.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Oxidative Post-Translational Modifications of Insulin in Type 1 Diabetes Autoimmunity.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- BCL6 in T cells promotes type 1 diabetes by redirecting fates of insulin-autoreactive B lymphocytes.iScience · 2026Article
- Increased Nur77 is disconnected from TCR affinity in insulin-specific Tregs.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Machine learning in prediction and classification of type 1 diabetes.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Differential Contributions of IgM and IgG Autoantibodies to Serologic IA2 Reactivity in Type 1 Diabetes.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Identification of a type 1 diabetes-associated T cell receptor repertoire signature from the human peripheral blood.Science advances · 2026Article
- Quantitative V gene-targeted T cell receptor sequencing as a biomarker in type 1 diabetes.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Immune modulation for β-cell replacement in type 1 diabetes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Is the NOD mouse a good model for type 1 diabetes?Diabetologia · 2026Review
- A microenvironment-driven HLA-II-associated insulin neoantigen elicits persistent memory T cell activation in diabetes.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Inflammatory stress-induced amino acid transformation generates diabetogenic T cells.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Submicron-sized ultrasound contrast agents as therapeutic peptide delivery vehicles in type 1 diabetes.Theranostics · 2026Article
- A novel region of the insulin B9-23 sequence is targeted by a HIP-reactive diabetogenic T cell clone.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- TCR-Based Antigen-Specific Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: From Editing Autoreactive Clones to Tolerance Induction.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Stage 1 type 1 diabetes memory B lymphocytes transcriptionally differ from healthy controls and harbor insulin-binding specificities.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- Inhibition of pyrimidine de novo synthesis fosters Treg cells and reduces diabetes development in models of Type 1 Diabetes.Molecular metabolism · 2025Article
- Multiple low dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes as a model for studying autoimmune diabetes in humans.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Review
330 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
A fundamental question about the pathogenesis of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes is whether there are primary autoantigens. For type 1 diabetes it is clear that multiple islet molecules are the target of autoimmunity in man and animal models. It is not clear whether any of the target molecules are essential for the destruction of islet beta cells. Here we show that the proinsulin/insulin molecules have a sequence that is a primary target of the autoimmunity that causes diabetes of the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. We created insulin 1 and insulin 2 gene knockouts combined with a mutated proinsulin transgene (in which residue 16 on the B chain was changed to alanine) in NOD mice. This mutation abrogated the T-cell stimulation of a series of the major insulin autoreactive NOD T-cell clones. Female mice with only the altered insulin did not develop insulin autoantibodies, insulitis or autoimmune diabetes, in contrast with mice containing at least one copy of the native insulin gene. We suggest that proinsulin is a primary autoantigen of the NOD mouse, and speculate that organ-restricted autoimmune disorders with marked major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction of disease are likely to have specific primary autoantigens.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.