Evidence map›Paper›PMID 15887025›Full record

Trial reportEuropean journal of applied physiology2005

Energy cost of swimming of elite long-distance swimmers.

P Zamparo, M Bonifazi, M Faina, A Milan, F Sardella, F Schena, C Capelli

Abstract readClinical TrialControlled Clinical Trial
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in European journal of applied physiology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
31citing papers in PubMed
1.3field-weighted citation impact, top 21% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

31 citing papers in PubMed, 96 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Effect of low- and high-carbohydrate diets on swimming economy: a crossover study.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2020
    Trial
  2. Trial
  3. Article
  4. Comparison of the Hydrodynamic Profile Between Competitive Triathletes and Swimmers.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025
    Article
  5. Review
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Is a sub 7-h IronmanFrontiers in sports and active living · 2022
    Article
  12. Stroking Rates of Open Water Swimmers during the 2019 FINA World Swimming Championships.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. The energy cost of swimming and its determinants.European journal of applied physiology · 2020
    Review
  17. Sex Difference in Triathlon Performance.Frontiers in physiology · 2019
    Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

P ZamparoDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Udine, P.le M. Kolbe, 4, 33100 Udine, Italy.
M Bonifazi
M Faina
A Milan
F Sardella
F Schena
C Capelli
University of Udine · ITUniversity of Siena · ITUniversity of Trento · IT

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The aim of this study was: (1) to assess the energy cost of swimming (C(s), kJ km(-1)) in a group of male (n = 5) and female (n = 5) elite swimmers specialised in long-distance competitions; (2) to evaluate the possible effect of a 2-km trial on the absolute value of C(s). C(s) was assessed during three consecutive 400-m trials covered in a 50-m pool at increasing speeds (v1, v2, v3). After these experiments the subjects swam a 2-km trial at the 10-km race speed (v2km) after which the three 400-m trials were repeated at the same speed as before (v5 = v1, v6 = v2, v7 = v3). C(s) was calculated by dividing the net oxygen uptake at steady state VO2ss by the corresponding average speed (v, m s(-1)). VO2ss was estimated by using back extrapolation technique from breath-to-breath VO2 recorded during the first 30 s of recovery after each test. C(s) increased (from 0.69 kJ m(-1) to 1.27 kJ m(-1)) as a function of v (from 1.29 m s(-1) to 1.50 m s(-1)), its values being comparable to those measured in elite short distance swimmers at similar speeds. In both groups of subjects the speed maintained during the 2-km trial (v2km) was on the average only 1.2% faster than of v2 and v6 (P>0.05), whereas C(s) assessed at the end of the 2-km trial (v2km) turned out to be 21 +/- 26% larger than that assessed at v2 and v6 (P<0.05); the average stroke frequency (SF, cycles min(-1)) during the 2-km trial turned to be about 6% (P<0.05) faster than that assessed at v2 and v6. At v5, C(s) turned out to be 19 +/- 9% (P<0.05) and 22 +/- 27% (0.1 < P = 0.05) larger than at v1 in male and female subjects (respectively). SF was significantly faster (P<0.05, in male subjects) and the distance per stroke (Ds = v/SF) significantly shorter (P<0.05) in female subjects at v5 and v6 than at v1 and v2. These data suggest that the increase of C(s) found after the 2-km trial was likely related to a decrease in propelling efficiency, since the latter is related to the distance per stroke.

Indexed as

AdultComputer SimulationEnergy MetabolismFemaleHumansMaleModels, BiologicalOxygen ConsumptionPhysical EndurancePhysical ExertionSex FactorsSwimming

Identifiers

PMID15887025
OpenAlexW2011648945

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.