ArticleNature medicine2005
TLR activation triggers the rapid differentiation of monocytes into macrophages and dendritic cells.
Article in Nature medicine, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 172 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
172 citing papers in PubMed, 394 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tumor-intrinsic TLR4 signaling as a context-dependent rheostat in glioblastoma.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Astragalus-derived nano-agonist potentiates chemotherapy by reducing tumor-suppressive macrophages.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota-Non-Coding RNA Axis in Immune Modulation and Disease: From Mechanisms to Clinical Translation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Macrophage makeover extreme viral edition: mechanisms of immune subversion and therapeutic perspectives.The Journal of general virology · 2026Review
- TLR9 Inhibition Shortly After Mating Increases Fetal Resorption and Alters B- and T-Cell Costimulatory Phenotypes in an Abortion-Prone Mouse Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Targeting macrophage polarization: mechanisms and potential of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells therapy in acne treatment- a narrative review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Progressive microbial alterations in the human gut and lung across early life: implications for translational medicine.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- The Role ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Non-coding RNA LINC01010 regulates macrophage polarization and innate immune functions by modulating NFκB signaling pathway.Journal of cellular physiology · 2024Article
- Blood and guts: how the intestinal microbiome shapes hematopoiesis and treatment of hematologic disease.Blood · 2024Review
- Leprosy: treatment, prevention, immune response and gene function.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Monocyte regulation by gut microbial signals.Trends in microbiology · 2023Review
- CD1-mediated immune responses in mucosal tissues: molecular mechanisms underlying lipid antigen presentation system.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2023Review
- Cigarette Smoke-Induced Respiratory Response: Insights into Cellular Processes and Biomarkers.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Role of UPRFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Peptide-based vaccine for cancer therapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- TLR2 and TLR4 activity in monocytes and macrophages after exposure to amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and erythromycin.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2022Article
- Article
- Lipopolysaccharide fromInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- MicroRNA-22 represses glioma development via activation of macrophage-mediated innate and adaptive immune responses.Oncogene · 2022Article
112 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Leprosy enables investigation of mechanisms by which the innate immune system contributes to host defense against infection, because in one form, the disease progresses, and in the other, the infection is limited. We report that Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation of human monocytes induces rapid differentiation into two distinct subsets: DC-SIGN+ CD16+ macrophages and CD1b+ DC-SIGN- dendritic cells. DC-SIGN+ phagocytic macrophages were expanded by TLR-mediated upregulation of interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-15 receptor. CD1b+ dendritic cells were expanded by TLR-mediated upregulation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and its receptor, promoted T cell activation and secreted proinflammatory cytokines. Whereas DC-SIGN+ macrophages were detected in lesions and after TLR activation in all leprosy patients, CD1b+ dendritic cells were not detected in lesions or after TLR activation of peripheral monocytes in individuals with the progressive lepromatous form, except during reversal reactions in which bacilli were cleared by T helper type 1 (TH1) responses. In tuberculoid lepromatous lesions, DC-SIGN+ cells were positive for macrophage markers, but negative for dendritic cell markers. Thus, TLR-induced differentiation of monocytes into either macrophages or dendritic cells seems to crucially influence effective host defenses in human infectious disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.