ReviewUrological research2005
Preventive treatment of nephrolithiasis with alkali citrate--a critical review.
Review in Urological research, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04073719 (Apple Cider Vinegar for the Prevention of Urinary Lithiasis), which is not on this map. Cited by 38 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Apple Cider Vinegar for the Prevention of Urinary Lithiasis (APUL)
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Citrate salts for preventing and treating calcium containing kidney stones in adults.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015Pooled it
- Brazilian Guidelines on evaluation and clinical management of Nephrolithiasis: Brazilian Society of Nephrology.Jornal brasileiro de nefrologiaGuideline
- Apple cider vinegar for prevention of urinary lithiasis (APUL): a randomized crossover trial.International urology and nephrology · 2026Trial
- Citraturic, alkalinizing and antioxidative effects of limeade-based regimen in nephrolithiasis patients.Urological research · 2008Trial
- Medical treatment of uric acid kidney stones.Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada · 2024Article
- Phytate Effects on Incomplete Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Lime juice as a dietary alternative to mist potassium citrate for urine alkalinisation: A prospective, cross-over clinical trial.Malaysian family physician : the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia · 2023Article
- UPDATE - Canadian Urological Association guideline: Evaluation and medical management of kidney stones.Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada · 2022Article
- Article
- Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) Renders Alkalinizing Properties and Its Urinary Metabolic Markers of MSG Consumption in Rats.Biomolecules · 2019Article
- The effect of hydrodynamic and thermodynamic factors and the addition of citric acid on the precipitation of calcium oxalate dihydrate.Urolithiasis · 2018Article
- Coconut Water: An Unexpected Source of Urinary Citrate.BioMed research international · 2018Article
- Renal stone clinic survey: calcium stone formers' self-declared understanding of and adherence to physician's recommendations.Urolithiasis · 2017Article
- [S2k guidelines on diagnostics, therapy and metaphylaxis of urolithiasis (AWMF 043/025) : Compendium].Der Urologe. Ausg. A · 2016Review
- Treatment of patients with uric acid stones.Urolithiasis · 2016Review
- Evaluating the effectiveness of adding magnesium chloride to conventional protocol of citrate alkali therapy on kidney stone size.Advanced biomedical research · 2016Article
- Citrate modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte inflammatory responses.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2015Article
- In vitro anti-lithogenic activity of lime powder regimen (LPR) and the effect of LPR on urinary risk factors for kidney stone formation in healthy volunteers.Urolithiasis · 2015Article
- Treatment of renal uric acid stone by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy combined with sodium bicarbonate: 2 case reports.International journal of clinical and experimental medicine · 2015Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Using the keywords "urolithiasis and citrate treatment", "nephrolithaisis and citrate treatment", "kidney stones and citrate treatment", a Medline search revealed 635 articles published between 1 January 1966 and 1 December 2004. For the present analysis, only studies meeting all of the following criteria were included: (1) publications in English or German, (2) studies on preventive alkali citrate treatment in patients with calcium oxalate, uric acid and infection stone disease, (3) clinical studies including at least ten subjects, and (4) treatment phases of at least 1 week duration. A total of 43 studies met the inclusion criteria and were further subclassified according to intermediate or ultimate endpoints as well as to study design. With stone recurrence as the ultimate endpoint, 21 uncontrolled studies in almost 1,000 patients demonstrated a reduction in stone forming rate by 47-100%. In four randomized controlled trials including 227 patients, 53.5% on alkali citrate vs 35% on placebo remained stone-free after at least 1 year of treatment (P<0.0005). Similar values (66% vs 27.5% for alkali citrate vs placebo, P<0.0005) were obtained in 104 patients from two randomized trials with dissolution/clearance of residual stones as endpoint. Unfortunately, up to 48% of alkali citrate treated patients left the studies prematurely, primarily due to adverse effects such as eructation, bloating, gaseousness or frank diarrhea.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.