ReviewBritish journal of pharmacology2005
Phase 2 ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction: a neglected target for therapeutic antiarrhythmic drug development and for safety pharmacology evaluation.
Review in British journal of pharmacology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preventive Effect of Shenfu Injection on Arrhythmia After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.Cardiovascular therapeutics · 2025Trial
- Ventricular Arrhythmias and Myocardial Infarction: Electrophysiological and Neuroimmune Mechanisms.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Temporal variability of T-wave morphology and risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary artery disease.Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc · 2021Article
- Ivabradine is as effective as metoprolol in the prevention of ventricular arrhythmias in acute non-reperfused myocardial infarction in the rat.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Electrophysiologic Effects of Growth Hormone Post-Myocardial Infarction.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Review
- [Diagnosis of ischemia and revascularization in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmia].Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie · 2017Review
- Epidemiology and genetics of ventricular fibrillation during acute myocardial infarction.Journal of geriatric cardiology : JGC · 2016Review
- KATP Channels in the Cardiovascular System.Physiological reviews · 2016Review
- Optogenetic determination of the myocardial requirements for extrasystoles by cell type-specific targeting of ChannelRhodopsin-2.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2015Article
- Central Sympathetic Activation and Arrhythmogenesis during Acute Myocardial Infarction: Modulating Effects of Endothelin-B Receptors.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2015Article
- Feasibility of targeting ischaemia-related ventricular arrhythmias by mimicry of endogenous protection by endocannabinoids.British journal of pharmacology · 2013Article
- Ischemic ventricular arrhythmias: experimental models and their clinical relevance.Heart rhythm · 2011Review
- Overexpression of M₃ muscarinic receptor is a novel strategy for preventing sudden cardiac death in transgenic mice.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2011Article
- The persistent sodium current blocker riluzole is antiarrhythmic and anti-ischaemic in a pig model of acute myocardial infarction.PloS one · 2010Article
- Do endothelin receptor antagonists have an antiarrhythmic potential during acute myocardial infarction? Evidence from experimental studies.Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing · 2010Review
- Tanshinone IIA protects against sudden cardiac death induced by lethal arrhythmias via repression of microRNA-1.British journal of pharmacology · 2009Article
- Complex adrenergic and inflammatory mechanisms contribute to phase 2 ventricular arrhythmias in anaesthetized rats.British journal of pharmacology · 2009Article
- miRNAs at the heart of the matter.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2008Review
- Nitric oxide fails to confer endogenous antiarrhythmic cardioprotection in the primate heart in vitro.British journal of pharmacology · 2007Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ventricular fibrillation (VF), a cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in the setting of acute myocardial infarction (MI), remains a major therapeutic challenge. In humans, VF may occur within minutes or hours after the onset of chest pain, so its precise timing in relation to the onset of ischaemia is variable. Moreover, because VF usually occurs unobserved, out of hospital, and is usually lethal in the absence of intervention, its precise timing of onset is actually unknown in most patients. In animal models, the timing of susceptibility to VF is much better characterised. It occurs in two distinct phases. Early VF (defined as phase 1 VF, with possible subphases 1a and 1b in some animal species) occurs during the first 30 min of ischaemia when most myocardial injury is still reversible. Late VF, defined as phase 2 VF, occurs when myocardial necrosis is becoming established (after more than 90 min of ischaemia). Although much is known about the mechanisms and pharmacology of phase 1 VF, little is known about phase 2 VF. By reviewing a range of different types of data we have outlined the likely mechanisms and clinical relevance of phase 2 VF, and have evaluated possible future directions to help evolve a strategy for its suppression by drugs. The possibility that a proarrhythmic effect on phase 2 VF contributes to the adverse cardiac effects of certain cardiac and noncardiac drugs is also discussed in relation to the emerging field of safety pharmacology. It is concluded that suppression of phase 2 as well as phase 1 VF will almost certainly be necessary if drugs of the future are to achieve what drugs of the past and present have failed to achieve: full protection against SCD. Likewise, safety will require avoidance of exacerbation of phase 2 as well as phase 1 VF.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.