ArticleThe American journal of cardiology2005
Long-term effects of stress reduction on mortality in persons > or = 55 years of age with systemic hypertension.
Article in The American journal of cardiology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03086980 (Automatic Self Transcending Meditation), which is not on this map. Cited by 51 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Automatic Self Transcending Meditation (ASTM) Versus Usual Care in Patients With Glaucoma
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 169 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of transcendental meditation on depressive symptoms and blood pressure in adults with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Complementary therapies in medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Investigating the effect of transcendental meditation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of human hypertension · 2015Pooled it
- Stress reduction programs in patients with elevated blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Current hypertension reports · 2007Pooled it
- Effects of cardiac rehabilitation with and without meditation on myocardial blood flow using quantitative positron emission tomography: A pilot study.Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology · 2021Trial
- Benefits of mindfulness meditation in reducing blood pressure and stress in patients with arterial hypertension.Journal of human hypertension · 2019Trial
- Stress Reduction in the Prevention of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Transcendental Meditation and Health Education in Hypertensive African Americans.Ethnicity & disease · 2019Trial
- Stress management in the workplace for employees with hypertension: a randomized controlled trial.Translational behavioral medicine · 2018Trial
- Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Group Support Decrease Stress in Adolescents with Cardiac Diagnoses: A Randomized Two-Group Study.Pediatric cardiology · 2017Trial
- A Novel Religious/Spiritual Group Psychotherapy Reduces Depressive Symptoms in a Randomized Clinical Trial.Journal of religion and health · 2016Trial
- Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2014Trial
- Effect of transcendental meditation on employee stress, depression, and burnout: a randomized controlled study.The Permanente journal · 2014Trial
- Comprehensive Approach to Lower Blood Pressure (CALM-BP): a randomized controlled trial of a multifactorial lifestyle intervention.Journal of human hypertension · 2013Trial
- Stress reduction in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: randomized, controlled trial of transcendental meditation and health education in Blacks.Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes · 2012Trial
- Effectiveness of transcendental meditation on functional capacity and quality of life of African Americans with congestive heart failure: a randomized control study.Ethnicity & disease · 2007Trial
- Effects of spiritual mantram repetition on HIV outcomes: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2006Trial
- A randomized controlled trial of stress reduction in African Americans treated for hypertension for over one year.American journal of hypertension · 2005Trial
- Depression, Anxiety, and Bipolar Disorder and Atherosclerosis.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2026Review
- Transcendental Meditation to combat psychosocial stress, hypertension and cardiovascular disease.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2026Article
- Randomized Trial: A Pilot Study Investigating the Effects of Transcendental Meditation and Yoga Through Retinal Microcirculation in Cardiac Rehabilitation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- A randomized controlled trial of meditation and health education on carotid intima-media thickness and major adverse cardiovascular events in Black men and women.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Psychosocial stress contributes to high blood pressure and subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Previous controlled studies have associated decreasing stress with the Transcendental Meditation (TM) program with lower blood pressure. The objective of the present study was to evaluate, over the long term, all-cause and cause-specific mortality in older subjects who had high blood pressure and who participated in randomized controlled trials that included the TM program and other behavioral stress-decreasing interventions. Patient data were pooled from 2 published randomized controlled trials that compared TM, other behavioral interventions, and usual therapy for high blood pressure. There were 202 subjects, including 77 whites (mean age 81 years) and 125 African-American (mean age 66 years) men and women. In these studies, average baseline blood pressure was in the prehypertensive or stage I hypertension range. Follow-up of vital status and cause of death over a maximum of 18.8 years was determined from the National Death Index. Survival analysis was used to compare intervention groups on mortality rates after adjusting for study location. Mean follow-up was 7.6 +/- 3.5 years. Compared with combined controls, the TM group showed a 23% decrease in the primary outcome of all-cause mortality after maximum follow-up (relative risk 0.77, p = 0.039). Secondary analyses showed a 30% decrease in the rate of cardiovascular mortality (relative risk 0.70, p = 0.045) and a 49% decrease in the rate of mortality due to cancer (relative risk 0.49, p = 0.16) in the TM group compared with combined controls. These results suggest that a specific stress-decreasing approach used in the prevention and control of high blood pressure, such as the TM program, may contribute to decreased mortality from all causes and cardiovascular disease in older subjects who have systemic hypertension.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.