ArticlePLoS medicine2005
Impact of HIV-1 subtype and antiretroviral therapy on protease and reverse transcriptase genotype: results of a global collaboration.
Article in PLoS medicine, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 318 citations in OpenAlex.
- HIV-1 Drug Resistance Mutations in Children: A Systematic Review of Global Genotypic Evidence (2014-2026).Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Frequent emergence of N348I in HIV-1 subtype C reverse transcriptase with failure of initial therapy reduces susceptibility to reverse-transcriptase inhibitors.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2012Trial
- Treatment of Advanced HIV in the Modern Era.Drugs · 2025Review
- Integrative Computational Approaches for Understanding Drug Resistance in HIV-1 Protease Subtype C.Viruses · 2025Review
- Reduced and highly diverse peripheral HIV-1 reservoir in virally suppressed patients infected with non-B HIV-1 strains in Uganda.Retrovirology · 2022Article
- Genetic Diversity and Low Therapeutic Impact of Variant-Specific Markers in HIV-1 Pol Proteins.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Comparing mutational pathways to lopinavir resistance in HIV-1 subtypes B versus C.PLoS computational biology · 2021Article
- Drug resistance mutations in protease gene of HIV-1 subtype C infected patient population.Virusdisease · 2021Article
- Natural polymorphisms in HIV-1 CRF01_AE strain and profile of acquired drug resistance mutations in a long-term combination treatment cohort in northeastern China.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in immigrant population in northern Italy.Epidemiology and infection · 2020Article
- Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ((HIV-1) subtypes in the northwest region, Cameroon.Virology journal · 2019Article
- HIV-1 second-line failure and drug resistance at high-level and low-level viremia in Western Kenya.AIDS (London, England) · 2018Article
- Genotypic and Phylogenetic Insights on Prevention of the Spread of HIV-1 and Drug Resistance in "Real-World" Settings.Viruses · 2017Review
- Combination antiretroviral therapy and cell-cell spread of wild-type and drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus-1.The Journal of general virology · 2017Article
- Evolutionary Analysis of HIV-1 Pol Proteins Reveals Representative Residues for Viral Subtype Differentiation.Frontiers in microbiology · 2017Article
- Effects of Hinge-region Natural Polymorphisms on Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Type 1 Protease Structure, Dynamics, and Drug Pressure Evolution.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2016Article
- Global Comparison of Drug Resistance Mutations After First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy Across Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Subtypes.Open forum infectious diseases · 2016Article
- One-Step Ligation on RNA Amplification for the Detection of Point Mutations.The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD · 2015Article
- Pretreatment HIV Drug Resistance and HIV-1 Subtype C Are Independently Associated With Virologic Failure: Results From the Multinational PEARLS (ACTG A5175) Clinical Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2015Article
- Antiretroviral treatment failure, drug resistance, and subtype diversity in the only pediatric HIV clinic in Rhode Island.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2015Article
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
31 authors at 17 institutions in 17 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe genetic differences among HIV-1 subtypes may be critical to clinical management and drug resistance surveillance as antiretroviral treatment is expanded to regions of the world where diverse non-subtype-B viruses predominate. METHODS AND
findingsTo assess the impact of HIV-1 subtype and antiretroviral treatment on the distribution of mutations in protease and reverse transcriptase, a binomial response model using subtype and treatment as explanatory variables was used to analyze a large compiled dataset of non-subtype-B HIV-1 sequences. Non-subtype-B sequences from 3,686 persons with well characterized antiretroviral treatment histories were analyzed in comparison to subtype B sequences from 4,769 persons. The non-subtype-B sequences included 461 with subtype A, 1,185 with C, 331 with D, 245 with F, 293 with G, 513 with CRF01_AE, and 618 with CRF02_AG. Each of the 55 known subtype B drug-resistance mutations occurred in at least one non-B isolate, and 44 (80%) of these mutations were significantly associated with antiretroviral treatment in at least one non-B subtype. Conversely, of 67 mutations found to be associated with antiretroviral therapy in at least one non-B subtype, 61 were also associated with antiretroviral therapy in subtype B isolates.
conclusionGlobal surveillance and genotypic assessment of drug resistance should focus primarily on the known subtype B drug-resistance mutations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.