ArticleJournal of clinical immunology2005
Determinants of CD4 counts among HIV-negative Ethiopians: role of body mass index, gender, cigarette smoking, khat (Catha Edulis) chewing, and possibly altitude?
Article in Journal of clinical immunology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anemia, Iron Status, and HIV: A Systematic Review of the Evidence.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2020Pooled it
- Khat-associated Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Review with RUCAM Analysis.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2025Review
- Article
- Chronic Immune Activation and CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Immune recovery in HIV-1 infected patients with sustained viral suppression under long-term antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia.PloS one · 2020Article
- CD4 Variability in Malawi: Implications for Use of a CD4 Threshold of 500 Cells/mmOpen forum infectious diseases · 2016Article
- CD4 Cell Count: Declining Value for Antiretroviral Therapy Eligibility.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2016Article
- Sex and Urbanicity Contribute to Variation in Lymphocyte Distribution across Ugandan Populations.PloS one · 2016Article
- Evaluation of immunomodulatory activities of methanolic extract of khat (Catha edulis, Forsk) and cathinone in Swiss albino mice.BMC immunology · 2015Article
- Incidence of Severe Malaria Syndromes and Status of Immune Responses among Khat Chewer Malaria Patients in Ethiopia.PloS one · 2015Article
- Schistosoma haematobium infection and CD4+ T-cell levels: a cross-sectional study of young South African women.PloS one · 2015Article
- Cluster of differentiation 4+ cell count mean value, reference range and its influencing factors in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-seronegative pregnant women in Lagos.Nigerian medical journal : journal of the Nigeria Medical Association · 2014Article
- Population-based CD4 counts in a rural area in South Africa with high HIV prevalence and high antiretroviral treatment coverage.PloS one · 2013Article
- CD4 cell levels during treatment for tuberculosis (TB) in Ethiopian adults and clinical markers associated with CD4 lymphocytopenia.PloS one · 2013Article
- Profound reduction of CD4+ lymphocytes without HIV infection: two cases from the horn of Africa.African health sciences · 2012Article
- Role of selenium in HIV infection.Nutrition reviews · 2010Review
- Variations in CD4 cell counts among HIV-uninfected and infected women in Uganda and Zimbabwe.International journal of STD & AIDS · 2010Article
- CD4+ lymphocyte values and trends in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus and/or co-infected with hepatitis C virus in the Gambia.African health sciences · 2009Article
- Factors associated with CD4 lymphocyte counts in HIV-negative Senegalese individuals.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2008Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To study the determinants of CD4% and CD4 counts among HIV-negative Ethiopians, and to identify factors susceptible to explain the low CD4 counts observed among Ethiopian subjects. Cohort studies among factory workers in Akaki and Wonji, Ethiopia. Clinical and laboratory examinations, including determination of HIV serological status and T-cell subsets, were performed during follow-up visits every six months. In addition, micronutrients (retinol, carotenoids, tocopherol, transferrin receptor, and selenium) plasma concentrations were determined in a subset of 38 HIV-positive and 121 HIV-negative participants. HIV-negative participants with at least one CD4 count measurement were 157 females in Akaki, 203 males in Akaki, and 712 males in Wonji. CD4 counts were independently and positively associated with body mass index (through an increase in lymphocyte counts), female gender (through an increase in CD4%), cigarette smoking (through an increase in CD4%), khat chewing (through an increase in both lymphocyte counts and CD4%), and Akaki study site (through a large increase in lymphocyte counts compensating a decrease in CD4%). Intestinal parasitic infections were not associated with CD4% or CD4 counts. Retinol, carotenoids, and alpha-tocopherol plasma concentrations decreased with HIV infection and advancing immunosuppression, but were not associated with CD4 counts among HIV-negative subjects. Low body mass index among Ethiopians may have contributed to their overall low CD4 counts. Other factors remain to be elucidated.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.