ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2005
Rates of HIV-1 transmission per coital act, by stage of HIV-1 infection, in Rakai, Uganda.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 631 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Mater _Bronx Rapid HIV Testing Project. Prospective Randomised Trial of Recruitment Methods in Implementation of a HIV Screening Programme in the Emergency Department.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Timed Intercourse for HIV-Discordant Couples
Who cites it
631 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,268 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Review of Network Models for HIV Spread.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Pooled it
- Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2021Guideline
- Risk of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus with antiretroviral therapy, suppressed viral load and condom use: a systematic review.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2018Pooled it
- Global population-level association between herpes simplex virus 2 prevalence and HIV prevalence.AIDS (London, England) · 2018Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2015Guideline
- You Know What I Know: Interviewer Knowledge Effects in Subjective Expectation Elicitation.Demography · 2021Trial
- Understanding of Perceived Infectiousness and Its Influence on Sexual Behavior Among Individuals With Acute HIV Infection in Lilongwe, Malawi (HPTN 062).AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education · 2020Trial
- HIV status disclosure during acute HIV infection in Malawi.PloS one · 2018Trial
- A universal testing and treatment intervention to improve HIV control: One-year results from intervention communities in Zambia in the HPTN 071 (PopART) cluster-randomised trial.PLoS medicine · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Comparison of Follicular and Luteal Phase Mucosal Markers of HIV Susceptibility in Healthy Women.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2016Trial
- Cost-Effectiveness of the 'One4All' HIV Linkage Intervention in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.PloS one · 2016Trial
- HIV-1 Treatment-as-Prevention: A Cohort Study Analysis of Serodiscordant Couples in Rural Southwest China.Medicine · 2015Trial
- Feasibility, Acceptability, and Test Performance of Point-of-Care Nucleic Acid Tests for HIV Testing and Viral Load Monitoring in the United States: Prospective Longitudinal Mixed-Methods Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- HIV Transmission and Immunology of the Male Reproductive Tract.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Long-read deep sequencing reveals high rates of multilineage transmission and rapid viral population changes in acute HIV infection.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Sex-specific biological susceptibility and sexual mixing patterns in herpes simplex virus type 2 transmission: a mathematical modeling study.BMC global and public health · 2026Article
- Dissecting the steps in early simian immunodeficiency virus dissemination following mucosal and intravenous infection of rhesus macaques.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Re-evaluating the Potential Impact of Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in Achieving HIV Elimination in the United States: Insights From Modeling.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
571 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe estimated rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 transmission per coital act in HIV-discordant couples by stage of infection in the index partner.
methodsWe retrospectively identified 235 monogamous, HIV-discordant couples in a Ugandan population-based cohort. HIV transmission within pairs was confirmed by sequence analysis. Rates of transmission per coital act were estimated by the index partner's stage of infection (recent seroconversion or prevalent or late-stage infection). The adjusted rate ratio of transmission per coital act was estimated by multivariate Poisson regression.
resultsThe average rate of HIV transmission was 0.0082/coital act (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.0039-0.0150) within approximately 2.5 months after seroconversion of the index partner; 0.0015/coital act within 6-15 months after seroconversion of the index partner (95% CI, 0.0002-0.0055); 0.0007/coital act (95% CI, 0.0005-0.0010) among HIV-prevalent index partners; and 0.0028/coital act (95% CI, 0.0015-0.0041) 6-25 months before the death of the index partner. In adjusted models, early- and late-stage infection, higher HIV load, genital ulcer disease, and younger age of the index partner were significantly associated with higher rates of transmission.
conclusionsThe rate of HIV transmission per coital act was highest during early-stage infection. This has implications for HIV prevention and for projecting the effects of antiretroviral treatment on HIV transmission.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.