ArticleThe Journal of experimental medicine2005
Repeated stimulation of CD4 effector T cells can limit their protective function.
Article in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed.
- Changes in Trypanosoma cruzi-specific immune responses after treatment: surrogate markers of treatment efficacy.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2009Trial
- Comparable restimulation of human T cells activated with CD3/CD28 beads versus soluble antibody complexes.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Review
- In-situ scalable manufacturing of Epstein-Barr virus-specific T-cells using bioreactor with an expandable culture area (BECA).Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Waning Humoral Response after COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Maintenance Dialysis Patients and Recovery after a Complementary Third Dose.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Disruption of thymic central tolerance by infection with murine roseolovirus induces autoimmune gastritis.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2022Article
- Alcohol Use Is Associated With Intestinal Dysbiosis and Dysfunctional CD8+ T-Cell Phenotypes in Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Virus-specific memory T cell responses unmasked by immune checkpoint blockade cause hepatitis.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Development of a Flow Cytometry Assay to Predict Immune Checkpoint Blockade-Related Complications.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Exosomes Represent an Immune Suppressive T Cell Checkpoint in Human Chronic Inflammatory Microenvironments.Immunological investigations · 2020Article
- Assay and Isolation of Single Proliferating CD4+ Lymphocytes Using an Automated Microraft Array Platform.IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering · 2020Article
- B Cells Inhibit CD4Infection and immunity · 2020Article
- Magnitude and Kinetics of T Cell and Antibody Responses During H1N1pdm09 Infection in Inbred Babraham Pigs and Outbred Pigs.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Review
- Early programming and late-acting checkpoints governing the development of CD4 T-cell memory.Immunology · 2018Review
- Integrative Physiology of Pneumonia.Physiological reviews · 2018Review
- Future Path Toward TB Vaccine Development: Boosting BCG or Re-educating by a New Subunit Vaccine.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- Regenerating Immunotolerance in Multiple Sclerosis with Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Immunomodulatory effects of two different physical therapy modalities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Journal of physical therapy science · 2017Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic infections often result in CD8 T-cell deletion or functional nonresponsiveness. However, to date no definitive studies have attempted to determine the impact of repeated T cell receptor stimulation on CD4 effector T cell generation. We have determined that when antigen presentation is limited to 2 d, optimum in vitro CD4 effector generation is achieved. Alternatively, repeated stimulation results in decreased CD4 effector expansion, decreased cytokine production, and altered migration. Similarly, functionally impaired effectors develop in vivo when antigen-pulsed antigen-presenting cells are replenished every 24 h during a primary immune response. CD4 effectors that are generated with repeated stimulation provide no protection during influenza infection, and have an impaired ability to provide cognate help to B cells. These results suggest that duration of antigen presentation dictates CD4 effector function, and repeated T cell receptor stimulation in vitro and in vivo that exceeds an optimal threshold results in effectors with impaired function.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.