ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2005
CD4+ T cells mediate antibody-independent acquired immunity to pneumococcal colonization.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 190 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
190 citing papers in PubMed, 344 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Innate and adaptive nasal mucosal immune responses following experimental human pneumococcal colonization.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2019Trial
- Agglutination by anti-capsular polysaccharide antibody is associated with protection against experimental human pneumococcal carriage.Mucosal immunology · 2017Trial
- Epidemiological Markers for Interactions Among Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus in Upper Respiratory Tract Carriage.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2016Trial
- Low antigen-specific CD4 T-cell immune responses despite normal absolute CD4 counts after long-term antiretroviral therapy an African cohort.Immunology letters · 2014Trial
- Human nasal challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae is immunising in the absence of carriage.PLoS pathogens · 2012Trial
- Distinct effects on diversifying selection by two mechanisms of immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae.PLoS pathogens · 2012Trial
- Acquisition of pneumococci specific effector and regulatory Cd4+ T cells localising within human upper respiratory-tract mucosal lymphoid tissue.PLoS pathogens · 2011Trial
- Trial
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- Dose-sparing effects of novel adjuvants and aluminum hydroxide on two different vaccines in a neonatal mouse model.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Immunological dysfunction of children with severe parapneumonic effusion.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Intranasal trivalent candidate vaccine elicits broad humoral and cellular immunity against pneumococcal pneumonia.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- A Trivalent Live Vaccine Elicits Cross-Species Protection Against Acute Otitis Media in a Murine Model.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Vaccine Responses in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: From the Immune System to the Gut Microbiota.Vaccines · 2024Review
130 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Acquired immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) has long been assumed to depend on the presence of anticapsular antibodies. We found, however, that colonization with live pneumococci of serotypes 6B, 7F, or 14 protected mice against recolonization by any of the serotypes and that protection from acquisition of a heterologous or homologous strain did not depend on anticapsular antibody. Further, intranasal immunization by live pneumococcal colonization or by a killed, nonencapsulated whole-cell vaccine protected antibody-deficient mice against colonization, suggesting independence of antibodies to any pneumococcal antigens. Protection by intranasal immunization with whole-cell vaccine was completely abrogated in T cell-deficient mice, and in mice that were congenitally deficient in CD4(+) T cells or depleted of these cells at the time of challenge. In contrast, mice congenitally deficient in, or depleted of, CD8(+) T cells were fully protected. Protection in this model was observed beyond 2 months after immunization, arguing against innate or nonspecific immune mechanisms. Thus, we find that immunity to pneumococcal colonization can be induced in the absence of antibody, independent of the capsular type, and this protection requires the presence of CD4(+) T cells at the time of challenge.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.