ArticleAmerican journal of infection control2005
Comparative efficacy of hand hygiene agents in the reduction of bacteria and viruses.
Article in American journal of infection control, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 189 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- epic3: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England.The Journal of hospital infection · 2014Guideline
- epic2: National evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England.The Journal of hospital infection · 2007Guideline
- Trial
- Trial
- Handwashing as a socially co-produced practice: an analysis through cultural-historical activity theory.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Veterinary Clinics as Reservoirs forAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Product formulation and rubbing time impact the inactivation of enveloped and non-enveloped virus surrogates by foam-based hand sanitizers.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Equivalent reduction of Escherichia coli by rinsing hands with cold and warm water.GMS hygiene and infection control · 2024Article
- Disinfection of Phi6, MS2, and Escherichia coli by Natural Sunlight on Healthcare Critical Surfaces.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Strategies to preventInfection control and hospital epidemiology · 2023Article
- Quantifying the Viral Reduction Achieved Using Ash and Sand as Handwashing Agents.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- COVID-19 on the spectrum: a scoping review of hygienic standards.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Examining the impact of ICU population interaction structure on modeled colonization dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus.PLoS computational biology · 2022Article
- Personal care formulations demonstrate virucidal efficacy against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: Implications for hand hygiene and public health.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Touchable 3D hierarchically structured polyaniline nanoweb for capture and detection of pathogenic bacteria.Nano convergence · 2021Article
- Efficacy of Removing Bacteria and Organic Dirt from Hands-A Study Based on Bioluminescence Measurements for Evaluation of Hand Hygiene When Cooking.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Norovirus in Cancer Patients: A Review.Open forum infectious diseases · 2021Review
- Estimated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Decolonization in Intensive Care Units Associated With Single-Application Chlorhexidine Gluconate or Mupirocin.JAMA network open · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHealth care-associated infections most commonly result from person-to-person transmission via the hands of health care workers.
methodsWe studied the efficacy of hand hygiene agents (n = 14) following 10-second applications to reduce the level of challenge organisms (Serratia marcescens and MS2 bacteriophage) from the hands of healthy volunteers using the ASTM-E-1174-94 test method.
resultsThe highest log 10 reductions of S marcescens were achieved with agents containing chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), triclosan, benzethonium chloride, and the controls, tap water alone and nonantimicrobial soap and water (episode 1 of hand hygiene, 1.60-2.01; episode 10, 1.60-3.63). Handwipes but not alcohol-based handrubs were significantly inferior from these agents after a single episode of hand hygiene, but both groups were significantly inferior after 10 episodes. After a single episode of hand hygiene, alcohol/silver iodide, CHG, triclosan, and benzethonium chloride were similar to the controls in reduction of MS2, but, in general, handwipes and alcohol-based handrubs showed significantly lower efficacy. After 10 episodes, only benzethonium chloride (1.33) performed as well as the controls (1.59-1.89) in the reduction of MS2.
conclusionsAntimicrobial handwashing agents were the most efficacious in bacterial removal, whereas waterless agents showed variable efficacy. Alcohol-based handrubs compared with other products demonstrated better efficacy after a single episode of hand hygiene than after 10 episodes. Effective hand hygiene for high levels of viral contamination with a nonenveloped virus was best achieved by physical removal with a nonantimicrobial soap or tap water alone.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.