ArticleInfection and immunity2005
Toll-like receptor 2 mediates cellular activation by the B subunits of type II heat-labile enterotoxins.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circular Permutation of theACS omega · 2026Article
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin induces cell death and disrupts effector functions in porcine monocytes.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Remodeling of Paranasal Sinuses Mucosa Functions in Response to Biofilm-Induced Inflammation.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Review
- The diverse landscape of AB5-type toxins.Engineering microbiology · 2023Review
- Immune Response after Skin Delivery of a Recombinant Heat-Labile Enterotoxin B Subunit of EnterotoxigenicPharmaceutics · 2022Article
- The Role ofToxins · 2020Review
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Hemagglutinin Fused with the A Subunit of Type IIbVaccines · 2019Article
- Review of Newly Identified Functions Associated With the Heat-Labile Toxin of EnterotoxigenicFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Review
- Differential capacity for complement receptor-mediated immune evasion by Porphyromonas gingivalis depending on the type of innate leukocyte.Molecular oral microbiology · 2017Article
- Expression and Regulation of Cholecystokinin Receptor in the Chicken's Immune Organs and Cells.Journal of clinical & cellular immunology · 2016Article
- Cell clustering and delay/arrest in T-cell division implicate a novel mechanism of immune modulation by E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin B-subunits.Cellular immunology · 2015Article
- Mechanism and implications of CXCR4-mediated integrin activation by Porphyromonas gingivalis.Molecular oral microbiology · 2013Article
- Type II heat-labile enterotoxins: structure, function, and immunomodulatory properties.Veterinary immunology and immunopathology · 2013Review
- Ganglioside-binding specificities of E. coli enterotoxin LT-IIc: Importance of long-chain fatty acyl ceramide.Glycobiology · 2013Article
- The FomA porin from Fusobacterium nucleatum is a Toll-like receptor 2 agonist with immune adjuvant activity.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2012Article
- TLR2-dependent modulation of dendritic cells by LT-IIa-B5, a novel mucosal adjuvant derived from a type II heat-labile enterotoxin.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2011Article
- Delineation of the role of Toll-like receptor signaling during peritonitis by a gradually growing pathogenic Escherichia coli.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2011Article
- Distinctive immunomodulatory and inflammatory properties of the Escherichia coli type II heat-labile enterotoxin LT-IIa and its B pentamer following intradermal administration.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2011Article
- Characterization of antigen-presenting cells induced by intragastric immunization with recombinant chimeric immunogens constructed from Streptococcus mutans AgI/II and type I or type II heat-labile enterotoxins.Molecular oral microbiology · 2011Article
- Importance of innate mucosal immunity and the promises it holds.International journal of general medicine · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The type II heat-labile enterotoxins (LT-IIa and LT-IIb) of Escherichia coli have an AB5 subunit structure similar to that of cholera toxin (CT) and other type I enterotoxins, despite significant differences in the amino acid sequences of their B subunits and different ganglioside receptor specificities. LT-II holotoxins and their nontoxic B subunits display unique properties as immunological adjuvants distinct from those of CT and its B subunits. In contrast to type II holotoxins, the corresponding pentameric B subunits, LT-IIaB and LT-IIbB, stimulated cytokine release in both human and mouse cells dependent upon Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Induction of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, or tumor necrosis factor alpha in human THP-1 cells by LT-IIaB or LT-IIbB was inhibited by anti-TLR2 but not by anti-TLR4 antibody. Furthermore, transient expression of TLR1 and TLR2 in human embryonic kidney 293 cells resulted in activation of a nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent luciferase gene in response to LT-IIaB or LT-IIbB. Moreover, peritoneal macrophages from TLR2-deficient mice failed to respond to LT-IIaB or LT-IIbB, in contrast to wild-type or TLR4-deficient cells. These results demonstrate that besides their established binding to gangliosides, the B subunits of type II enterotoxins also interact with TLR2. Although a ganglioside-nonbinding mutant (T34I) of LT-IIaB effectively induced cytokine release, a phenotypically similar point mutation (T13I) in LT-IIbB abrogated cytokine induction, suggesting a variable requirement for gangliosides as coreceptors in TLR2 agonist activity. TLR2-dependent activation of mononuclear cells by type II enterotoxin B subunits appears to be a novel mechanism whereby these molecules may exert their immunomodulatory and adjuvant activities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.