ArticleImmunology1992
Cholera toxin adjuvant promotes long-term immunological memory in the gut mucosa to unrelated immunogens after oral immunization.
Article in Immunology, 1992. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed.
- A mouse protozoan boosts antigen-specific mucosal IgA responses in a specific lipid metabolism- and signaling-dependent manner.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Advances in Oral Subunit Vaccine Design.Vaccines · 2020Review
- Identification of Helicobacter pylori and the evolution of an efficacious childhood vaccine to protect against gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.Pediatric research · 2017Review
- U-Omp19 fromFrontiers in immunology · 2017Article
- Long-lived plasma cells are generated in mucosal immune responses and contribute to the bone marrow plasma cell pool in mice.Mucosal immunology · 2016Article
- Cell clustering and delay/arrest in T-cell division implicate a novel mechanism of immune modulation by E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin B-subunits.Cellular immunology · 2015Article
- Pollen grains for oral vaccination.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2014Article
- Review
- Adjuvant activity of the catalytic A1 domain of cholera toxin for retroviral antigens delivered by GeneGun.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2011Article
- Antigen-specific memory B-cell responses in Bangladeshi adults after one- or two-dose oral killed cholera vaccination and comparison with responses in patients with naturally acquired cholera.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2011Article
- Concomitant enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection induces increased immune responses to Vibrio cholerae O1 antigens in patients with cholera in Bangladesh.Infection and immunity · 2010Article
- Mucosal adjuvant activity of oligomannose-coated liposomes for nasal immunization.Glycoconjugate journal · 2010Article
- Induction of heterosubtypic immunity to influenza virus by intranasal immunization.Journal of virology · 2008Article
- Cholera toxin, LT-I, LT-IIa and LT-IIb: the critical role of ganglioside binding in immunomodulation by type I and type II heat-labile enterotoxins.Expert review of vaccines · 2007Review
- Induction of cell signaling events by the cholera toxin B subunit in antigen-presenting cells.Infection and immunity · 2007Article
- Cholera toxin indirectly activates human monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vitro through the production of soluble factors, including prostaglandin E(2) and nitric oxide.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2006Article
- An enzymatically active a domain is required for cholera-like enterotoxins to induce a long-lived blockade on the induction of oral tolerance: new method for screening mucosal adjuvants.Infection and immunity · 2003Article
- Cholera toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin activate human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and dominantly inhibit cytokine production through a cyclic AMP-dependent pathway.Infection and immunity · 2002Article
- Effects of oral vaccination and immunomodulation by cholera toxin on experimental Helicobacter pylori infection, reinfection, and gastritis.Infection and immunity · 2002Article
- Orally administered Giardia duodenalis extracts enhance an antigen-specific antibody response.Infection and immunity · 2001Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate whether cholera toxin (CT), used as a mucosal adjuvant, would promote the development in mice of immunological memory to unrelated antigens administered by the oral route. We found that oral priming immunizations with keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) in combination with CT adjuvant induced long-term, at least 22 months and perhaps lifelong, immunological memory in the intestinal lamina propria (LP). In contrast, oral priming immunizations with KLH alone failed to stimulate immunological memory. Moreover, memory responses in the KLH plus CT-immunized mice were elicited by antigen alone, i.e. without CT adjuvant, suggesting that once immunological memory is established in the intestinal mucosa, e.g. by oral vaccination, elicitation of secondary-type responses does not require the presence of CT and thus could result from re-encounter with specific bacterial or viral antigens in the intestine. We also found that a single priming-dose of KLH plus CT adjuvant was sufficient to stimulate long-term, antigen-specific memory in the intestinal mucosa. Finally, the ability of CT to induce immunological memory in the gut mucosa required the whole toxin and could not be achieved by using the toxoid, the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), which lacks the adenylate cyclase/cAMP-activating property of the whole molecule. The results support the view that mucosal adjuvants, incorporated into oral vaccines, might be an effective means to achieve long-term immunological memory and protection against pathogenic micro-organisms at mucosal surfaces.
Indexed as
Identifiers
1572696PMC1384744What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.