ArticleJournal of virology2005
Cellular and humoral immunity following Snow Mountain virus challenge.
Article in Journal of virology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 128 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
128 citing papers in PubMed, 270 citations in OpenAlex.
- Production and Clinical Evaluation of Norwalk GI.1 Virus Lot 001-09NV in Norovirus Vaccine Development.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2020Trial
- Norovirus in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals: cytokines and viral shedding.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2016Trial
- Broad blockade antibody responses in human volunteers after immunization with a multivalent norovirus VLP candidate vaccine: immunological analyses from a phase I clinical trial.PLoS medicine · 2015Trial
- Determination of the 50% human infectious dose for Norwalk virus.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2014Trial
- Vitamin A modifies the intestinal chemokine and cytokine responses to norovirus infection in Mexican children.The Journal of nutrition · 2011Trial
- Adjuvanted intranasal Norwalk virus-like particle vaccine elicits antibodies and antibody-secreting cells that express homing receptors for mucosal and peripheral lymphoid tissues.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2010Trial
- Characterization of high affinity IgM and IgG monoclonal antibodies against norovirus variants GII.4 and GII.17.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2026Article
- One-component ionizable amphiphilic Janus dendrimers as a delivery platform for efficient mRNA vaccine development.Science advances · 2026Article
- Characterization of humoral and cellular immunity induced by mRNA vaccines expressing norovirus VP1 proteins in mice and NHPs.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of Norovirus Immunity: Implications for Vaccine Design.Annual review of pathology · 2026Review
- Article
- Norovirus replication, host interactions and vaccine advances.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025Review
- Non-Secretor Status Due toMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Biological and immunological characterization of major capsid protein VP1 from distinct GII.2 norovirus clusters.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Noroviruses: Evolutionary Dynamics, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Advances-A Comprehensive Review.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Molecular Epidemiology of Human Norovirus Variants from Outbreaks in Zhejiang Province, China, during 2021.Advances in virology · 2024Article
- Blockade Antibody Responses in Human Subjects Challenged with a New Snow Mountain Virus Inoculum.Archives of microbiology & immunology · 2023Article
- Dose-Response of a Norovirus GII.2 Controlled Human Challenge Model Inoculum.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Controlled Human Infection Models To Accelerate Vaccine Development.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2022Review
- Norovirus Infection in Young Nicaraguan Children Induces Durable and Genotype-Specific Antibody Immunity.Viruses · 2022Article
68 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Little is known about the immune response to noroviruses. To elucidate the immunobiology of norovirus infection in humans, 15 volunteers were challenged with Snow Mountain virus (SMV), a genogroup 2 norovirus. We assessed the cellular and humoral immune response and infection by analyzing stool, serum, saliva, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) responses pre- and postchallenge. In contrast to Norwalk virus (NV), SMV infection was not dependent upon blood group secretor status. Nine of 15 volunteers were infected and showed a >/=4-fold increase over the prechallenge anti-SMV serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) titer, mostly subclass IgG1. Although serum IgG elicited by SMV infection was cross-reactive with Hawaii virus (HV), another genogroup 2 norovirus, salivary IgA was less cross-reactive. Neither SMV-elicited serum IgG nor salivary IgA cross-reacted with NV, a genogroup 1 norovirus. Significant increases in serum gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and IL-2, but not IL-6 or IL-10, were noted on day 2 postchallenge. For the majority of volunteers, both infected and uninfected, PBMCs stimulated with norovirus virus-like particles secreted IFN-gamma and other Th1 cytokines, suggesting previous norovirus exposure in most volunteers. Like the IgG antibodies, the SMV-activated T cells were cross-reactive with HV but not NV. IFN-gamma production was dependent upon CD4(+) cells, consistent with a predominant, but not exclusive, Th1 response. To our knowledge, this is the first report characterizing T-cell and cytokine responses following live norovirus challenge.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.