In vivo DNase I-mediated footprinting analysis along the human bradykinin B1 receptor (BDKRB1) gene promoter: evidence for cell-specific regulation.

By applying in vivo dimethyl sulphate and UV light type C-footprinting analysis, we previously showed that specific DNA sequences in the -1349/+42 core promoter region of the inducible human BDKRB1 (bradykinin B1 receptor) gene correlated with its transcriptional activity. In the present study we used the highly sensitive DNase I in vivo footprinting approach to delineate more precisely the functional domains of the BDKRB1 gene promoter in human SMCs (smooth muscle cells). Human lymphocytes that do not express a functional BDKRB1 were also studied as a reference using dimethyl sulphate, UV light type C and DNase I treatments. An obvious difference was found in the DNase I-footprinting patterns between cellular systems that express a functional BDKRB1 (SMCs) in comparison with human lymphocytes, where randomly distributed nucleosome-like footprinting patterns were found in the bulk of the core promoter region studied. Gel-shift assays and expression studies pointed to the implication of the YY1 and a TBP/TFIIB (TATA-box-binding protein/transcription factor IIB) transcription factor in the regulation of BDKRB1 gene expression in SMCs and possible YY1 involvement in the mechanisms of nuclear factor kappaB-mediated regulation of the receptor expression. No significant changes in the promoter foot-printing pattern were found after treatment with interleukin-1beta or serum (known BDKRB1 gene inducers), indicating that definite regulatory motifs could exist outside the BDKRB1 gene core promoter region studied.