Trial reportEuropean journal of applied physiology2005
An energy balance of front crawl.
Trial report in European journal of applied physiology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Impact of Resistance Training on Swimming Performance: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2017Pooled it
- Trial
- Energy cost and body centre of mass' 3D intracycle velocity variation in swimming.European journal of applied physiology · 2012Trial
- Tracking the performance, energetics and biomechanics of international versus national level swimmers during a competitive season.European journal of applied physiology · 2012Trial
- Energy cost of swimming of elite long-distance swimmers.European journal of applied physiology · 2005Trial
- Effect of Aqua Points Level on Speed, Efficiency, and Turn Performance in Youth Swimmers Aged 11-12 Years.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- Narrowing the coordination solution space during motor learning standardizes individual patterns of search strategy but diversifies learning rates.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Effects of paddles and fins on front crawl kinematics, arm stroke efficiency, coordination, and estimated energy cost.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- Article
- Stroke and physiological relationships during the incremental front crawl test: outcomes for planning and pacing aerobic training.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- The Mechanical and Efficiency Constraints When Swimming Front Crawl with the Aquanex System.Journal of human kinetics · 2022Article
- The Effect of a Coordinative Training in Young Swimmers' Performance.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- 5 km front crawl in pool and open water swimming: breath-by-breath energy expenditure and kinematic analysis.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Article
- Energetic and Biomechanical Contributions for Longitudinal Performance in Master Swimmers.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2020Article
- Modelling the 200 m Front-Crawl Performance Predictors at the Winter Season Peak.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Front Crawl Is More Efficient and Has Smaller Active Drag Than Backstroke Swimming: Kinematic and Kinetic Comparison Between the Two Techniques at the Same Swimming Speeds.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2020Article
- The energy cost of swimming and its determinants.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Review
- A Biophysical Analysis on the Arm Stroke Efficiency in Front Crawl Swimming: Comparing Methods and Determining the Main Performance Predictors.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Skillful Swimming in Age-Groups Is Determined by Anthropometrics, Biomechanics and Energetics.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Article
- Differences in kinematics and energy cost between front crawl and backstroke below the anaerobic threshold.European journal of applied physiology · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
With the aim of computing a complete energy balance of front crawl, the energy cost per unit distance (C = Ev(-1), where E is the metabolic power and v is the speed) and the overall efficiency (eta(o) = W(tot)/C, where W(tot) is the mechanical work per unit distance) were calculated for subjects swimming with and without fins. In aquatic locomotion W(tot) is given by the sum of: (1) W(int), the internal work, which was calculated from video analysis, (2) W(d), the work to overcome hydrodynamic resistance, which was calculated from measures of active drag, and (3) W(k), calculated from measures of Froude efficiency (eta(F)). In turn, eta(F) = W(d)/(W(d) + W(k)) and was calculated by modelling the arm movement as that of a paddle wheel. When swimming at speeds from 1.0 to 1.4 m s(-1), eta(F) is about 0.5, power to overcome water resistance (active body drag x v) and power to give water kinetic energy increase from 50 to 100 W, and internal mechanical power from 10 to 30 W. In the same range of speeds E increases from 600 to 1,200 W and C from 600 to 800 J m(-1). The use of fins decreases total mechanical power and C by the same amount (10-15%) so that eta(o) (overall efficiency) is the same when swimming with or without fins [0.20 (0.03)]. The values of eta(o) are higher than previously reported for the front crawl, essentially because of the larger values of W(tot) calculated in this study. This is so because the contribution of W(int) to W(tot )was taken into account, and because eta(F) was computed by also taking into account the contribution of the legs to forward propulsion.
Indexed as
Identifiers
15702343What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.