ArticleAnnals of surgery2005
Modeling the effect of tumor size in early breast cancer.
Article in Annals of surgery, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Mortality prediction with adjuvant tamoxifen in breast cancer: Machine learning-integrated explainable artificial intelligence and Bayesian model results.ADMET & DMPK · 2026Article
- Tumour volume distribution can yield information on tumour growth and tumour control.Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik · 2022Article
- Explainable machine learning can outperform Cox regression predictions and provide insights in breast cancer survival.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Epidemiological Analyses Reveal a High Incidence of Breast Cancer in Young Women in Brazil.JCO global oncology · 2021Article
- Generation of acoustic-Brownian noise in nuclear magnetic resonance under non-equilibrium thermal fluctuations.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Automated volumetric radiomic analysis of breast cancer vascularization improves survival prediction in primary breast cancer.Scientific reports · 2020Observational
- The relationship between tumour size, nodal status and distant metastases: on the origins of breast cancer.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2018Article
- Three-Dimensional Breast Cancer Models Mimic Hallmarks of Size-Induced Tumor Progression.Cancer research · 2016Article
- Optimal Ki67 cut-off for luminal breast cancer prognostic evaluation: a large case series study with a long-term follow-up.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2016Article
- Infracentimetric HER-2 positive breast tumours-review of the literature.Ecancermedicalscience · 2015Review
- On model specification and selection of the Cox proportional hazards model.Statistics in medicine · 2013Article
- A simple and reproducible prognostic index in luminal ER-positive breast cancers.Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology · 2013Article
- Systems biology for molecular life sciences and its impact in biomedicine.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2013Review
- Estimation and external validation of a new prognostic model for predicting recurrence-free survival for early breast cancer patients in the UK.British journal of cancer · 2010Article
- Accelerated partial-breast irradiation (APBI)--ready for prime time?Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] · 2009Article
- Impact of effective prevention and management of febrile neutropenia.British journal of cancer · 2009Article
- The effect of adjuvant radiotherapy on mortality differs according to primary tumor location in women with node-positive breast cancer.Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] · 2009Article
- Inference for constrained estimation of tumor size distributions.Biometrics · 2008Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
summary background dataThe purpose of this study was to determine the type of relationship between tumor size and mortality in early breast carcinoma.
methodsThe data was abstracted from 83,686 cases registered in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of women diagnosed with primary breast carcinoma between 1988 and 1997 presenting with a T1-T2 lesion and no metastasis in whom axillary node dissection was performed: 58,070 women were node-negative (N0) and 25,616 were node-positive (N+). End point was death from any cause. Tumor size was modeled as a continuous variable by proportional hazards using a generalized additive models procedure.
resultsFunctionally, a Gompertzian expression exp(-exp(-(size-15)/10)) provided a good fit to the effect of tumor size (in millimeters) on mortality, irrespective of nodal status. Quantitatively, for tumor size between 3 and 50 mm, the increase of crude cumulative death rate (number of observed deaths divided by the number of patients at risk) increased with size from 10% to 25% for N0 and from 20% to 40% for N+.
conclusionsThe functional relationship of tumor size with mortality is concordant with current knowledge of tumor growth. However, its qualitative and quantitative independence of nodal status is in contradiction with the prevailing concept of sequential disease progression from primary tumor to regional nodes. This argues against the perception that nodal metastases are caused by the primary tumor.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.