ArticleJournal of virology2005
Preferential use of CXCR4 by R5X4 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates for infection of primary lymphocytes.
Article in Journal of virology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Widespread, human-associated redondoviruses infect the commensal protozoan Entamoeba gingivalis.Cell host & microbe · 2023Article
- On the Physicochemical and Structural Modifications Associated with HIV-1 Subtype B Tropism Transition.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2016Article
- Astrocytes as an HIV Reservoir: Mechanism of HIV Infection.Current HIV research · 2016Review
- Defining the fitness of HIV-1 isolates with dual/mixed co-receptor usage.AIDS research and therapy · 2015Article
- HIV infection of macrophages is enhanced in the presence of increased expression of CD163 induced by substance P.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2014Article
- HIV-1 envelope-receptor interactions required for macrophage infection and implications for current HIV-1 cure strategies.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2014Review
- Successful isolation of infectious and high titer human monocyte-derived HIV-1 from two subjects with discontinued therapy.PloS one · 2013Article
- Alternative coreceptor requirements for efficient CCR5- and CXCR4-mediated HIV-1 entry into macrophages.Journal of virology · 2011Article
- Selected amino acid mutations in HIV-1 B subtype gp41 are associated with specific gp120v₃ signatures in the regulation of co-receptor usage.Retrovirology · 2011Article
- R5X4 HIV-1 coreceptor use in primary target cells: implications for coreceptor entry blocking strategies.Journal of translational medicine · 2011Review
- Article
- Tissue-specific sequence alterations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope favoring CCR5 usage contribute to persistence of dual-tropic virus in the brain.Journal of virology · 2009Article
- Major coexisting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env gene subpopulations in the peripheral blood are produced by cells with similar turnover rates and show little evidence of genetic compartmentalization.Journal of virology · 2009Article
- Review
- Baseline resistance of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains to the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100.Journal of virology · 2008Article
- Evolution of CCR5 use before and during coreceptor switching.Journal of virology · 2008Article
- Bioinformatic prediction programs underestimate the frequency of CXCR4 usage by R5X4 HIV type 1 in brain and other tissues.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2008Article
- Tropism-independent protection of macaques against vaginal transmission of three SHIVs by the HIV-1 fusion inhibitor T-1249.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2008Article
- R5X4 viruses are evolutionary, functional, and antigenic intermediates in the pathway of a simian-human immunodeficiency virus coreceptor switch.Journal of virology · 2008Article
- Coreceptor tropism can be influenced by amino acid substitutions in the gp41 transmembrane subunit of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein.Journal of virology · 2008Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Coreceptor specificity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains is generally defined in vitro in cell lines expressing CCR5 or CXCR4, but lymphocytes and macrophages are the principal targets in vivo. CCR5-using (R5) variants dominate early in infection, but strains that use CXCR4 emerge later in a substantial minority of subjects. Many or most CXCR4-using variants can use both CXCR4 and CCR5 (R5X4), but the pathways that are actually used to cause infection in primary cells and in vivo are unknown. We examined several R5X4 prototype and primary isolates and found that they all were largely or completely restricted to CXCR4-mediated entry in primary lymphocytes, even though lymphocytes are permissive for CCR5-mediated entry by R5 strains. In contrast, in primary macrophages R5X4 isolates used both CCR5 and CXCR4. The R5X4 strains were also more sensitive than R5 strains to CCR5 blocking, suggesting that interactions between the R5X4 strains and CCR5 are less efficient. These results indicate that coreceptor phenotyping in transformed cells does not necessarily predict utilization in primary cells, that variability exists among HIV-1 isolates in the ability to use CCR5 expressed on lymphocytes, and that many or most strains characterized as R5X4 are functionally X4 in primary lymphocytes. Less efficient interactions between R5X4 strains and CCR5 may be responsible for the inability to use CCR5 on lymphocytes, which express relatively low CCR5 levels. Since isolates that acquire CXCR4 utilization retain the capacity to use CCR5 on macrophages despite their inability to use it on lymphocytes, these results also raise the possibility that a CCR5-mediated macrophage reservoir is required for sustained infection in vivo.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.