ReviewDigestive diseases and sciences1992
Defense system in the biliary tract against bacterial infection.
Review in Digestive diseases and sciences, 1992. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07509346 (Multicenter Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Versus Standard Treatment in Patients With Recurrent Non-Obstructive Acute Cholangitis - COLANBIOTA Trial), which is not on this map. Cited by 69 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Multicenter Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Versus Standard Treatment in Patients With Recurrent Non-Obstructive Acute Cholangitis - COLANBIOTA Trial
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 233 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis on clinical outcomes of suprapapillary versus transpapillary stent insertion in malignant biliary obstruction.Surgical endoscopy · 2023Pooled it
- Enteral extended biliary stents versus conventional plastic biliary stents for the treatment of extrahepatic malignant biliary obstruction: a single-center prospective randomized controlled study.Surgical endoscopy · 2022Trial
- Air cholangiogram is not inferior to dye cholangiogram for malignant hilar biliary obstruction: a randomized study of efficacy and safety.Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2014Trial
- Bile Microbiota Profiling in Obese and Non-Obese Patients: A Comparison of Shotgun Metagenomics and 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prevalence, breed predispositions, and culture and sensitivity results of bacterial hepatobiliary infections in dogs in the United Kingdom.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2026Article
- Air Cholangiography versus Contrast Cholangiography in Patients with Hilar Biliary Obstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.GE Portuguese journal of gastroenterology · 2025Review
- Microbial Landscapes of the Gut-Biliary Axis: Implications for Benign and Malignant Biliary Tract Diseases.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Pyogenic liver abscess following biliary stent placement in pancreatic cancer patients: a retrospective case series.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- The Presence and Significance of Bacteria and Fungi in Bile Aspirated During ERC-A Retrospective Analysis.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- The Role of the Gut-Biliary-Liver Axis in Primary Hepatobiliary Liver Cancers: From Molecular Insights to Clinical Applications.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Review
- Biliary microbiota in disease-free, obstructive and post-drainage biliary tracts.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Prospective insights into acute cholangitis: microbial patterns, resistance, risk factors, and outcomes.Gastroenterology and hepatology from bed to bench · 2025Article
- Biliary microbiome and gallstones: A silent friendship.World journal of gastrointestinal surgery · 2024Article
- Article
- Acute cholangitis: a state-of-the-art review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Review
- Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Microbiologic diagnosis of implant-associated infections.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- ERCP endoscopic minimally invasive treatment of acute suppurative obstructive cholangitis: A study of 47 patients.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2024Article
- Microbial profile of biliary tract infection in patients undergoing therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and baseline risk factors predicting microbial growth and post-ERCP cholangitis.Przeglad gastroenterologiczny · 2024Article
- Pattern of bile cultures and antibiotic sensitivity tests in Sudanese patients diagnosed with obstructive jaundice: A single-center prospective study.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2023Article
- Effectiveness of a new approach to minimally invasive surgery in palliative treatment of patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction.World journal of gastrointestinal surgery · 2023Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacteria can invade the biliary tract by ascending from the duodenum and via the hematogenous route from the hepatic portal venous blood. The sphincter of Oddi, situated at the junction of the biliary tract and the upper gastrointestinal tract, forms an effective mechanical barrier to duodenal reflex and ascending bacterial infection. Conversely, Kupffer cells and the tight junctions between hepatocytes help prevent bacteria and toxic metabolites from entering the hepatobiliary system from the portal circulation. The continuous flushing action of bile and the bacteriostatic effects of bile salts keeps the biliary tract sterile under normal conditions. Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), the predominant immunoglobulin in the bile, and mucus excreted by the biliary epithelium probably function as antiadherence factors, preventing microbial colonization. When barrier mechanisms break down, as in surgical or endoscopic sphincterotomy and with insertion of biliary stents, pathogenic bacteria enter the biliary system at high concentrations and take up residence on any foreign bodies. Intrabiliary pressure is a key factor in the development of cholangitis. Chronic biliary obstruction raises the intrabiliary pressure. This adversely influences the defensive mechanisms such as the tight junctions, Kupffer cell functions, bile flow, and sIgA production in the system, resulting in a higher incidence of septicemia and endotoxemia in these patients. Knowledge of biliary defense against infection is still quite primitive. Unclear are the roles of sIgA in the bile, mechanism of bacterial adhesion to the biliary epithelium, Kupffer cell function in biliary obstruction, and the antimicrobial activity of bile salts.
Indexed as
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.