ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2005
Human intestinal macrophages display profound inflammatory anergy despite avid phagocytic and bacteriocidal activity.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 442 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
442 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 786 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preclinical studies of natural flavonoids in inflammatory bowel disease based on macrophages: a systematic review with meta-analysis and network pharmacology.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- A Meta-analysis of Immune Parameters, Variability, and Assessment of Modal Distribution in Psychosis and Test of the Immune Subgroup Hypothesis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2019Pooled it
- Tissue-Resident Macrophage in Inflammation and Cancer.MedComm · 2026Review
- Macrophages in Intestinal Wound Healing: Dichotomous Effects and Therapeutic Opportunities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Tissue signatures of human macrophages during homeostasis and activation.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Differential Cell-Specific, Regulatory Roles of Fc γ Receptor IIB through IgG in IgA Nephropathy.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2026Article
- Gastrointestinal MAIT cells in chronic HIV-1 infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Macrophages on demand: How tissue trauma shapes their role.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2026Review
- The Microbiome-Neurodegeneration Interface: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Directions.Cells · 2026Review
- Development and functional adaptation of intestinal macrophages across the lifespan.Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Review
- The current consensus on ulcerative colitis, and the evidence and perspectives on the influence of gut microbiota on it.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Barrier Tissue-Resident Macrophages: Natural Compounds as Modulators in Immune Function and Disease.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- A human intestinal epithelial-mesenchyme-immune triple culture system for disease modelling.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- The plasticity and metabolic reprogramming of macrophage in ulcerative colitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Macrophages dynamically integrate neuro-immune-microbial network signals: their role in gastrointestinal motility disorders and targeting potential.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The gut-skin axis: a bi-directional, microbiota-driven relationship with therapeutic potential.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Digging deeper into necrotizing enterocolitis: bridging clinical, microbial, and molecular perspectives.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Titanium implant can promote M2 polarization with macrophages activation which contribute to osteogenesis and angiogenesis via inactivates JAKS signaling pathway.BMC immunology · 2025Article
- Galectin-3-Insights from Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- A review of gut failure as a cause and consequence of critical illness.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Review
382 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Intestinal macrophages, which are thought to orchestrate mucosal inflammatory responses, have received little investigative attention compared with macrophages from other tissues. Here we show that human intestinal macrophages do not express innate response receptors, including the receptors for LPS (CD14), Fcalpha (CD89), Fcgamma (CD64, CD32, CD16), CR3 (CD11b/CD18), and CR4 (CD11c/CD18); the growth factor receptors IL-2 (CD25) and IL-3 (CD123); and the integrin LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18). Moreover, resident intestinal macrophages also do not produce proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, RANTES, TGF-beta, and TNF-alpha, in response to an array of inflammatory stimuli but retain avid phagocytic and bacteriocidal activity. Thus, intestinal macrophages are markedly distinct in phenotype and function from blood monocytes, although intestinal macrophages are derived from blood monocytes. To explain this paradox, we show that intestinal stromal cell-derived products downregulate both monocyte receptor expression and, via TGF-beta, cytokine production but not phagocytic or bacteriocidal activity, eliciting the phenotype and functional profile of intestinal macrophages. These findings indicate a mechanism in which blood monocytes recruited to the intestinal mucosa retain avid scavenger and host defense functions but acquire profound "inflammatory anergy," thereby promoting the absence of inflammation characteristic of normal intestinal mucosa despite the close proximity of immunostimulatory bacteria.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.