ReviewMolecular psychiatry2005
Genetic heterogeneity, modifier genes, and quantitative phenotypes in psychiatric illness: searching for a framework.
Review in Molecular psychiatry, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Clinical characteristics indexing genetic differences in bipolar disorder - a systematic review.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Altered gene expression and PTSD symptom dimensions in World Trade Center responders.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of Positive and Negative Symptoms Reveals Schizophrenia Modifier Genes.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2016Pooled it
- Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2007Pooled it
- Identification of hub genes involved in early-onset schizophrenia: from genetic susceptibility to predicted regulated gene expression.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Exome sequencing and metabolite profiling identifies genetic variants associated with altered metabolism in early-onset schizophrenia.iScience · 2026Article
- Locus-Specific Genetic Associations at theAdvanced genetics (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Protein interacting with C-kinase 1 (PICK1) regulates synaptic function and reversal learning in a mouse model for schizophrenia.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Identification of Hub Genes Involved in Early-onset Schizophrenia: From Genetic Susceptibility to Predicted Regulated Gene Expression.Research square · 2025Article
- Polygenic profiles define aspects of clinical heterogeneity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Nature genetics · 2024Article
- Deep Clinical Phenotyping of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Using Data-Driven Methods: Marching towards Precision Psychiatry.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- A synaptic molecular dependency network in knockdown of autism- and schizophrenia-associated genes revealed by multiplexed imaging.Cell reports · 2023Article
- The genetic basis of onset age in schizophrenia: evidence and models.Frontiers in genetics · 2023Review
- Shared genetic architecture between schizophrenia and subcortical brain volumes implicates early neurodevelopmental processes and brain development in childhood.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Article
- Determining the stability of genome-wide factors in BMI between ages 40 to 69 years.PLoS genetics · 2022Article
- A novel heterozygous missense variant of the ARID4A gene identified in Han Chinese families with schizophrenia-diagnosed siblings that interferes with DNA-binding activity.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Article
- The continuity of effect of schizophrenia polygenic risk score and patterns of cannabis use on transdiagnostic symptom dimensions at first-episode psychosis: findings from the EU-GEI study.Translational psychiatry · 2021Article
- Evidence of an interaction betweenEuropean psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2021Article
- Analysis of genes within the schizophrenia-linked 22q11.2 deletion identifies interaction of night owl/LZTR1 and NF1 in GABAergic sleep control.PLoS genetics · 2020Article
- Neuropsychological function at first episode in treatment-resistant psychosis: findings from the ÆSOP-10 study.Psychological medicine · 2019Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Schizophrenia has long been thought to be clinically heterogeneous. A range of studies suggests that this is due to genetic heterogeneity. Some clinical features, such as negative symptoms, are associated with a greater risk of illness in relatives. Affected sibling pairs are correlated for clinical and course features as well as subforms of illness, and twin studies suggest that this is due to genetic factors. This is further supported by findings that subjects from families linked to some chromosomal regions may differ clinically from those from unlinked families. Moreover, some genes may affect clinical features without altering susceptibility (ie are modifier genes). High-risk genotypes may have quantitative, rather than categorical effects, and may influence milder or subclinical phenotypes. Another recent finding is that nonpsychotic relatives may have personality features that resemble those of their affected relatives. These findings taken together suggest that there may be several classes of gene action in schizophrenia: some genes may influence susceptibility only, others may influence clinical features only, and still others may have a mixed effect. Furthermore, subsets of these classes may affect personality and other traits in nonpsychotic relatives. Understanding these classes of gene action may help guide the design of linkage and association studies that have increased power. We describe five classes of genes and their predictions of the outcomes of family, twin, and several types of linkage studies. We go on to explore how these predictions can in turn be used to aid in the design of linkage studies.
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