ReviewProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2005
The descent of the antibody-based immune system by gradual evolution.
Review in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Quest for Antibodies and Other Acquired Immune Receptors: A Historical Perspective.International journal of immunogenetics · 2025Review
- Mutation-driven parallel evolution in emergence of ACE2-utilizing sarbecoviruses.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Discovery of an ancient MHC category with both class I and class II features.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- IgM Deficiency in Autoimmune Blistering Mucocutaneous Diseases Following Various Treatments: Long Term Follow-Up and Relevant Observations.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- A Synchronous IRF4-Dependent Gene Regulatory Network in B and Helper T Cells Orchestrating the Antibody Response.Trends in immunology · 2020Review
- Linking autoimmunity to the origin of the adaptive immune system.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2018Article
- Evolutionary genomics of immunoglobulin-encoding Loci in vertebrates.Current genomics · 2012Article
- Design principles of adaptive immune systems.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2011Review
- Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: genetic events and selective pressures.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2010Review
- Functional protein divergence in the evolution of Homo sapiens.Genome biology · 2008Article
- Evolution of Class I cytokine receptors.BMC evolutionary biology · 2007Article
- Chitinase family GH18: evolutionary insights from the genomic history of a diverse protein family.BMC evolutionary biology · 2007Article
- Two variable lymphocyte receptor genes of the inshore hagfish are located far apart on the same chromosome.Immunogenetics · 2007Article
- Blurring borders: innate immunity with adaptive features.Clinical & developmental immunology · 2007Review
- Variable domains in hagfish: NICIR is a polymorphic multigene family expressed preferentially in leukocytes and is related to lamprey TCR-like.Immunogenetics · 2006Article
- An ancient evolutionary origin of the Rag1/2 gene locus.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2006Article
- Selectionism and neutralism in molecular evolution.Molecular biology and evolution · 2005Article
- Concerted and birth-and-death evolution of multigene families.Annual review of genetics · 2005Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The antibody-based immune system (AIS) is one of many means by which organisms protect themselves against pathogens and parasites. The AIS is present in jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) but absent in all other taxa, including jawless vertebrates (agnathans). We argue that the AIS has been assembled from elements that have primarily evolved to serve other functions and incorporated existing molecular cascades, resulting in the appearance of new organs and new types of cells. Some molecules serving other functions have been appropriated by the AIS, whereas others have been modified to serve new functions, either after the duplication of their encoding genes or through the acquisition of an additional function without gene duplication. A few molecules may have been created de novo. The deployment and integration of the ready-made elements gives the impression of a sudden origin of the AIS. In reality, however, the AIS is an example of an organ system that has evolved gradually through a series of small steps over an extended period.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.