ArticleJournal of virology2005
CpG methylation directly regulates transcriptional activity of the human endogenous retrovirus family HERV-K(HML-2).
Article in Journal of virology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers.
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Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 218 citations in OpenAlex.
- Crystal structure of HERV-K envelope glycoprotein surface subunit.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Emerging Roles in Pathogenesis, Immunity, Biomarkers and Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Aberrant Expression of Human Endogenous Retroviruses andInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- RETRACTED: Endogenous Retroviruses as Regulators of Innate Immune Signaling and InflammationViruses · 2026Review
- The expression, regulation, and function of human endogenous retroviruses in genitourinary cancers.Cell death discovery · 2025Review
- Human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) envelope structures in pre- and postfusion by cryo-EM.Science advances · 2025Article
- Exploring transposable elements: new horizons in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.Mobile DNA · 2025Review
- The Role of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in the Initiation and Progression of Melanoma.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Human Endogenous Retroviruses as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Neurodegenerative Disorders.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Predicting Tumor Antigens Using the LENS Workflow Through RAFT.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Epigenetic regulation of HERVs: Implications for cancer immunotherapy.Genes & genomics · 2024Review
- Article
- Mechanistic regulation of HERV activation in tumors and implications for translational research in oncology.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- The Molecular Impacts of Retrotransposons in Development and Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- A pilot study of LINE-1 copy number and telomere length with aging in human sperm.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2023Article
- Air pollution and human endogenous retrovirus methylation in the school inner-city asthma intervention study.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2023Article
- Review
- HERVs and Cancer-A Comprehensive Review of the Relationship of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Human Cancers.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Endogenous Retroviruses as Modulators of Innate Immunity.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Diseases.Sub-cellular biochemistry · 2023Article
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A significant proportion of the human genome consists of stably inherited retroviral sequences. Most human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) became defective over time. The HERV-K(HML-2) family is exceptional because of its coding capacity and the possible involvement in germ cell tumor (GCT) development. HERV-K(HML-2) transcription is strongly upregulated in GCTs. However, regulation of HERV-K(HML-2) transcription remains poorly understood. We investigated in detail the role of CpG methylation on the transcriptional activity of HERV-K(HML-2) long terminal repeats (LTRs). We find that CpG sites in various HERV-K(HML-2) proviral 5' LTRs are methylated at different levels in the cell line Tera-1. Methylation levels correlate with previously observed transcriptional activities of these proviruses. CpG-mediated silencing of HERV-K(HML-2) LTRs is further corroborated by transcriptional inactivity of in vitro-methylated 5' LTR reporter plasmids. However, CpG methylation levels do not solely regulate HERV-K(HML-2) 5' LTR activity, as evidenced by different LTR activities in the cell line T47D. A significant number of mutated CpG sites in evolutionary old HERV-K(HML-2) 5' LTRs suggests that CpG methylation had already silenced HERV-K(HML-2) proviruses millions of years ago. Direct silencing of HERV-K(HML-2) expression by CpG methylation enlightens upregulated HERV-K(HML-2) expression in usually hypomethylated GCT tissue.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.